Notice: Database construction is still in progress. Certain features may be incomplete, slower than usual, or temporarily unavailable while we re-ingest the knowledge graph with citation data. Thank you for your patience.
← All pathways

starch biosynthesis

20928 relationships annotated with this phrase. Showing first 500 of 20928.
Source entity Relationship Target entity Species
Ttparc6 BC aabb double mutant has significant increase in mean diameter of B-type granules B-type granule diameter Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
Ttparc6 mutants produce grains with altered starch granule size distribution Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
Agpsemzm encodes AGPase small subunit (SS) Zea mays
agpsemzm-Mu1 homozygous mutant embryo contains approximately 46% of starch content Zea mays
GS or C-terminal region of (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) alone partially complement (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) mutant phenotype Arabidopsis thaliana
SBEIIb dosage is negatively related to amylopectin long chains
dynamic deposition mode of starch during development in control includes relatively low accumulation until maturity along with dehydration process starch accumulation period
distribution of SSI in four types of granules shows similar tendency to distribution of three SBE isoforms
(ARC6H, ATCDP1, CDP1, PARC6, AT3G19180) mutant does not affect starch content Triticum turgidum
Ttparc6-1 aabb and Ttparc6 BC aabb double mutants have large significant increase in B-type granule content Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
Ttparc6 double mutants have amylose content indistinguishable from wild-type and wild-type segregants Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
wild-type, AlcR, and TPS control plants sprayed with water accumulated 62 to 79 µmol [Glc] g−1 fresh weight of starch by the ED Arabidopsis thaliana
(AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) and ss2ss3 mutants had contrasting starch- and phytoglycogen-accumulating phenotypes overall Arabidopsis thaliana
increase in ADP-Glc in ss2ss3 is small compared to other mutants such as (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) and ss3ss4 Arabidopsis thaliana
agpllzm mutant causes reduced AGPase activity in specific tissues Zea mays
AGPase distribution in wheat endosperm at later developmental stages is 40% plastidial Triticum aestivum
Nonmutant tissue relies on contributions from both plastidial and cytosolic AGPase Zea mays
malate plays important role in starch accumulation Solanum lycopersicum; Prunus persica; Capsicum annuum; Fragaria x ananassa
reduction of SBE isoforms may be expected to reduce overall rate of amylopectin synthesis
(ATPHO1, PHO1, AT3G23430) displays accumulating trend in TRs
increased trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) levels during the day is not linked to reductive activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Arabidopsis thaliana
Ttparc6 single homeolog mutants have intermediate change in granule size distribution Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
Ttparc6-2 aabb mutant amyloplasts have increased size compared with wild-type amyloplasts Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
very large A-type granules in Ttparc6 double mutants have disrupted Maltese cross Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
plants harvested in the light contained 0.5 to 4.0 nmol g−1 fresh weight ADPG Arabidopsis thaliana
AGPase α2β2 heterotetramer comprises large subunit (LS) and small subunit (SS)
Three additional genes encode plastidial AGPase large subunit (LS) Oryza sativa; Zea mays
Agpslzm gene encodes AGPase small subunit Zea mays
YFP-GS_1 and YFP-GS_2 showed complementation in terms of starch accumulation Arabidopsis thaliana
N-terminal region of (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) by itself appears to have no effect on starch biosynthesis Arabidopsis thaliana
Ttparc6-2 + cTPmCherry aabb double mutant has amyloplast size drastically increased in endosperm sections at 16 DAF Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
adenosine 5-diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is composed of large and small subunits
Three transcripts encoding AGPase small subunit (SS) in maize endosperm could specify plastidial AGPase small subunit (SS) proteins Zea mays
YFP-SS4C construct contains GT1 domain Arabidopsis thaliana
SBEs in TRS are inhibited gradually along with endosperm development in TRS
sbe2b single mutant shows reduction in SSI activity
weak and diffuse signals of SBEs in other three regions of TRS are barely detected in regions II, III, and IV of TRS endosperm
mutation of the gene encoding chloroplastic α-AMYLASE3 (AMY3, ATAMY3, AT1G69830) restored starch granule biosynthesis in all cell types examined Arabidopsis thaliana
starch synthase (SS) activity biased toward longer external chains promotes starch granule biosynthesis
glucans from ss1isa mutant have fewer short chains (DP 7–10) but more longer chains (DP 13–21) compared to isa mutant glucans Arabidopsis thaliana
differences in chain length were consistent in all backgrounds analyzed Arabidopsis thaliana
adenosine 5-diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) catalyzes synthesis of ADP-glucose (ADP- (GLC, AT1G65450) ) and pyrophosphate from ATP and glucose 1-phosphate ( 1-P)
agpllzm gene is necessary for accumulation of normal starch levels in leaf Zea mays
AGPSLZM mRNA is detected in mature leaf tissue Zea mays
supernumerary granules were tiny and of irregular shape Arabidopsis thaliana
soluble enzyme proteins have dynamic deposition or maintain sustainable level in granules throughout starch development
loss of debranching enzyme (DBE) of the (ARA1, ATISA1, ISA1, AT4G16130) class results in production of soluble glucan (phytoglycogen) in place of starch Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Arabidopsis thaliana; Zea mays; Oryza sativa; Hordeum vulgare
ss2ss3 mutant has total levels strongly reduced Arabidopsis thaliana
AGPase activity alteration by transgenic means resulted in elevated yields Oryza sativa; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Solanum tuberosum
AGPLLZM, AGPSLZM, AGPLEMZM, AGPSEMZM, and BT2b are predicted to localize to plastids Zea mays
agpsemzm-Mu1 homozygous embryo shows reduced total AGPase activity Zea mays
fate of imported Glc-1-P and Glc-6-P must be split between starch sink and nonstarch metabolism Zea mays
GS and SS4C contain glycosyltransferase 5 (GT5) domain
GBSSI amount and activity is almost the same as GBSSI amount and activity in TQ
two genes encode AGPase small subunit (SS) proteins Hordeum vulgare; Oryza sativa; Triticum aestivum
Type 1 gene (ATBT2, BT2, AT3G48360) generates BT2a and BT2b transcripts Zea mays
Different gene agpslzm generates type 1b transcript Zea mays
agpsemzm-Mu1 homozygous endosperm from kernels harvested 20 DAP contains approximately 7% less starch Zea mays
chimeric construct contains full-length Agrobacterium tumefaciens GS Arabidopsis thaliana
starch granules contains amylose
Arabidopsis isa1isa2isa3lda quadruple mutant makes no starch granules Arabidopsis thaliana
(ATBT2, BT2, AT3G48360) mRNA is highly abundant in endosperm Zea mays
reduced starch synthesis and degradation rates in (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) mutants may be consequence of deposition as fewer, enlarged, and rounded granules Arabidopsis thaliana
(PTST2, AT1G27070) provides long malto-oligosaccharide substrates
SBEs are prone to forming multisubunit complexes with SSs, DBEs, and (ATPHO1, PHO1, AT3G23430) in soluble fraction of amyloplasts
three SBEs in TQ show relatively low rate until maturity granule-bound SBE accumulation
ISOAMYLASE1-ISOAMYLASE2 (ISA1-ISA2) instead of trimming it to amylopectin Arabidopsis thaliana
balance of specific starch synthase (SS) activities is important for starch granule formation
(ARA1, ATISA1, ISA1, AT4G16130) homomultimeric complex is found only in cereal endosperms
Agpsemzm gene is necessary for accumulation of normal starch levels in embryo Zea mays
agpllzm mutant decreases endosperm starch by approximately endosperm starch levels Zea mays
Type 1b transcript is predicted to encode plastidial AGPase small subunit (SS) Hordeum vulgare; Oryza sativa; Triticum aestivum
genetic analyses showed that multiple genes encode AGPase subunits in leaf and embryo Zea mays
agpllzm-Ds1 homozygous leaf shows strongly reduced total AGPase activity Zea mays
cytosolic AGPase could be adapted for maximal ADPGlc formation Zea mays
dark bands were visible in all lines Arabidopsis thaliana
(ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) C-terminal region appears to confer capacity to interact with (PTST2, AT1G27070)
dynamic deposition mode of starch during development in control includes fast seed-filling stage from 4 to 10 DAF starch accumulation period
three SBEs bound with granule in TQ behave consistently with dynamic deposition mode of starch in TQ
tobacco and Arabidopsis mutants defective in plastidial isozyme of phosphoglucomutase (ATPGMP, PGM, PGM1, STF1, AT5G51820) exhibit starch-free phenotype Nicotiana tabacum; Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thaliana contains four starch synthase (SS) isoforms (SS1–SS4) Arabidopsis thaliana
loss of starch synthase (SS) in a debranching enzyme (DBE) mutant background altered ratio of starch to phytoglycogen Zea mays
ss1isa mutant shows frequent occurrence of starch granules in mesophyll cell chloroplasts Arabidopsis thaliana
debranching in (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) mutant may happen to an extent but still allows crystallization (or partial crystallization) of most glucans made by other SS s Arabidopsis thaliana
cereal endosperm AGPase is located in amyloplasts
Agpsemzm null mutations in agpsemzm mutant Zea mays
AGPLLZM encodes AGPase large subunit (LS) Zea mays
AGPL3 encodes AGPase large subunit (LS) Zea mays
zymograms are not able to detect all glucosyl transferase activities Arabidopsis thaliana
SS4N-GS-YFP/YFP-SS4N-GS plants had iodine-staining patterns very similar to wild type and SS4-YFP control plants Arabidopsis thaliana
(ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) in vivo substrate affinity may be modulated by (PTST2, AT1G27070)
heterogeneous starches in TRS endosperm show gradually decreasing amylopectin content Oryza sativa
ss2ss3isa mutant has no starch granules despite (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) and ss2ss3 phenotypes being quite distinct Arabidopsis thaliana
Three transcripts encoding AGPase small subunit (SS) have been detected in maize endosperm Zea mays
SH2 and AGPSEMZM coexpression yields dark iodine stain indicating functional AGPase Zea mays; Escherichia coli
agpllzm-Ds1 mutants show remnant AGPase activity Zea mays
GS and SS4C contain glycosyltransferase 1 (GT1) domain
expression of either GS or SS4C in (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) background facilitated formation of more starch granules Arabidopsis thaliana
supernumerary granules often had smooth surfaces Arabidopsis thaliana
three SS4-YFP lines also produced multiple wild-type-like granules per chloroplast section Arabidopsis thaliana
high-amylose rice line (TRS) contains elongated starch Oryza sativa
SBE dosage relates to morphological architecture of heterogeneous starches Oryza sativa
length of external chains is key factor in production of crystallization-competent glucan Arabidopsis thaliana
suppression of (SS3, AT1G74000) expression results in granules with fractured appearance Solanum tuberosum
(ARA1, ATISA1, ISA1, AT4G16130) homomultimeric complex is form of isoamylase activity Zea mays
β-limit CLD s in ss2ss3 double mutant is enriched in short chains Arabidopsis thaliana
findings from this study provide important step forward toward understanding how plants produce semicrystalline starch granules
Third gene encoding AGPase small subunit (SS) is present in maize owing to duplication of ancestral type 1 gene Zea mays
BT2a functions only with Sh2 Zea mays; Escherichia coli
AGPSEMZM absence causes decrease of approximately 50% in starch content Zea mays
chimeric construct contains N-terminal region of (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) Arabidopsis thaliana
multiple ellipsoid starch granules consistent with flattened, lenticular shape of granules Arabidopsis thaliana
expression of SS4N-GS fusion constructs almost fully complemented (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) mutant phenotype Arabidopsis thaliana
(PTST2, AT1G27070) and/or (PTST3, AT5G03420) proteins deliver substrates to SS4C
granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) amounts in four heterogeneous starches are not significantly different from each other four heterogeneous starches Oryza sativa
SBEs in TQ shows increased protein level until 10 DAF but then decreasing trend endosperm development in TQ
type 1 genes generate type 1a and type 1b transcripts Hordeum vulgare; Oryza sativa; Triticum aestivum
Complementary DNA (cDNA) from type 2 gene was cloned from embryo tissue Zea mays
agpllzm-Ds1 homozygous mutant leaf does not stain appreciably with iodine Zea mays
AGPLLZM is capable of generating enzymatic activity when combined with at least one partner subunit Zea mays
GS is homologous to C-terminal half of (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240)
supernumerary granules were not observed in SS4-YFP lines Arabidopsis thaliana
heterogeneous starches in TRS endosperm show gradually increasing ratio of amylopectin long chain Oryza sativa
amylopectin deposition modes are significantly different between TRS and TQ
amylopectin increase in TQ is mild following stage after 10 DAF
SBE isoforms are responsible for branching of amylopectin
(ATPHO1, PHO1, AT3G23430) in three outer granules reveals thick band (ATPHO1, PHO1, AT3G23430) abundance
addition of TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE (T6P) to isolated pea leaf chloroplasts causes activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Pisum sativum
loss of (SS3, AT1G74000) is more apparent when other SS s are also missing Arabidopsis thaliana
SH2 mRNA is detected in developing embryo Zea mays
concentrations of the AGPase products and substrates in barley amyloplasts at mid development are such that the plastidial enzyme operates near equilibrium Hordeum vulgare
SS4N-YFP plants phenocopied (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) mutant Arabidopsis thaliana
interference with endogenous enzyme activities restricts rate of starch biosynthesis
Association of GS with starch granule surface might crowd out chain elongating, branching and debranching enzymes
three SBEs in TQ show fast rate from 4 to 10 DAF granule-bound SBE accumulation
ss2ss3 mutant has almost one-half of measured glucans as soluble glucans Arabidopsis thaliana
Agpslzm is capable of generating enzymatic activity when combined with at least one partner subunit Zea mays
Agpsemzm is capable of generating enzymatic activity when combined with at least one partner subunit Zea mays
differences in granule morphology were accompanied by changes in amylopectin structure Arabidopsis thaliana
(ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) C-terminal domains confer catalytic activity for glucan chain elongation
SSIIa maintains almost the same level in four heterogeneous granules
some cell types in isa1-deficient mutants still produce some starch Arabidopsis thaliana
(AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) mutant mesophyll contains mixture of unusually big starch granules, intermediate particles, and phytoglycogen Arabidopsis thaliana
elevated levels of water-soluble polysaccharides in ss2ss3 mutant were noted in earlier report under some growth conditions Arabidopsis thaliana
low levels in ss2ss3 are not due to incapacity for synthesis per se Arabidopsis thaliana
data from this study reinforce importance of normal glucan metabolism on plant growth and vitality Arabidopsis thaliana
cereal endosperm AGPase is located in cytosol
five candidate genes could encode subunits of plastidial AGPase Zea mays
Total endosperm AGPase activity in cytosolic AGPase null mutants is reduced, with approximately 12% to 25% remaining residual AGPase activity Zea mays; Hordeum vulgare; Oryza sativa
Type 1b mRNA is highly abundant Hordeum vulgare
AGPLLZM and BT2b coexpression fails to yield functional AGPase activity Zea mays; Escherichia coli
dynamic deposition mode of starch during development in control includes moderate accumulation from 10 to 15 DAF starch accumulation period
other factors can affect partitioning between phytoglycogen and starch
loss of (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) in ss1ss2isa background appears to dominate over effect of losing (ATSS1, SS1, AT5G24300) Arabidopsis thaliana
depletion of longer external chains is likely major factor in increased solubility of glucans in (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) and ss2ss3 Arabidopsis thaliana
branching pattern determines whether crystallization-competent glucan is produced Arabidopsis thaliana
agpllzm-Ds1 (Dissociation1) allele is isolated from sequence-indexed Ds transposon population Zea mays
YFP-GS lines varied considerably in starch content at end of day Arabidopsis thaliana
loss of all debranching activity in Arabidopsis still allows starch granule formation under some circumstances Arabidopsis thaliana
glucans in ss2ss3 mutant appeared more similar to those in isa mutants Arabidopsis thaliana
Type 1a transcript from (ATBT2, BT2, AT3G48360) gene operates in endosperm Zea mays
glucans from ss2isa mutant show more short chains (DP 5–9) and fewer longer chains (DP 11–18) compared to isa mutant glucans Arabidopsis thaliana
Agpslzm encodes AGPase small subunit (SS) Zea mays
reduction in starch when plastidial AGPase was affected by agpsemzm-mutation is consistent with AGPase function in starch synthesis Zea mays
extra amylose coupled with altered amylopectin structure possibly leads to morphological changes in heterogeneous granules Oryza sativa
isoamylase activity is important for semicrystalline starch granule formation
brittle2 encodes cytosolic AGPase Zea mays
Null mutations in genes encoding cytosolic AGPase cause reduction in total endosperm starch Zea mays; Hordeum vulgare; Oryza sativa
Classical mutations at shrunken2 (sh2) locus led to identification and cloning of genes encoding cytosolic AGPase large subunit (LS) Zea mays
mutant and nonmutant sibling kernels on the same ear ruled out the possibility that reduced endosperm starch resulted from compromised metabolism in the parent plant Zea mays
antisense inhibition of SBEI and SBEIIb in TRS causes significantly reduced expression of SBEIIa
multisubunit complexes of starch biosynthetic enzymes is necessary for SBE function
loss of debranching enzyme (DBE) of the (ARA1, ATISA1, ISA1, AT4G16130) class causes dramatic phenotype
ss2ss3isa mutant is very similar to ss2isa mutant Arabidopsis thaliana
branch point distribution is altered in isa mutants Arabidopsis thaliana
glucans from (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) mutants have fewer chains of DP 11 to 25 Arabidopsis thaliana
differential expression of starch synthase (SS), branching enzyme (BE), and isoamylase (ISA) determines whether starch (in leaves) or glycogen (in specialized myrmecophytic Müllerian bodies) is made Cecropia peltata
AGPLLZM and BT2a coexpression fails to yield functional AGPase activity Zea mays; Escherichia coli
Agpl3 gene remains as a potential contributor to AGPase large subunit in embryo tissue Zea mays
dark bands correspond to endogenous starch synthase activities (ATSS1, SS1, AT5G24300) and (SS3, AT1G74000) Arabidopsis thaliana
glucan elongating activity and specificity of YFP-SS4C may differ from that of YFP-GS
Arabidopsis (ATSS1, SS1, AT5G24300) and (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) expressed in yeast were less efficient in glucan synthesis than (SS3, AT1G74000) and (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) Arabidopsis thaliana; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
different molecular structures in TRS heterogeneous starch granules may originate from different dosages of three SBE isoforms
SSI and SSIIa display similar deposition mode SBEs in TQ and TRS
phytoglycogen generally has fewer chains between DP 8 and 17 compared to insoluble glucans from a given ssisa combination Arabidopsis thaliana
soluble polysaccharides in sugary2 (SSIIa-deficient) maize were quantified and reported to have unchanged levels relative to wild type Zea mays
Null mutations in genes encoding cytosolic AGPase do not cause complete starch deficiency Zea mays; Hordeum vulgare; Oryza sativa
agpllzm-Ds1 homozygous mutant fails to accumulate AGPLLZM transcript Zea mays
agpsemzm-Mu1 homozygous mutant embryo shows markedly less intense iodine staining Zea mays
agpllzm loss of function caused major reductions in AGPase activity Zea mays
reverse reaction catalyzed by plastidial AGPase generates Glc-1-P Zea mays
corresponding maize mutant is characterized by severely reduced starch content in endosperm Zea mays
epistatic interactions of Rc and (ATIPT5, IPT5, AT5G19040) were found in starch biosynthesis gene encoding granule-bound starch synthase II
ISA1-ISA2 involvement in glucan turnover is indicated by fact that ss2ss3isa triple mutant has high glucan levels Arabidopsis thaliana
expression of ISA1-ISA2 enzyme in Escherichia coli did not promote synthesis of more amylopectin-like polymer Escherichia coli
plastidial AGPase activity contributes to starch production in endosperm Zea mays
agplemzm locus appears to be the major contributor of AGPase large subunit in embryo Zea mays
(ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) mutant had pale and starch-free young leaves Arabidopsis thaliana
transgenic potato tubers expressing Ec GS produced less starch, which was more branched, and accumulated more soluble sugars Solanum tuberosum
three SBE isoforms in four heterogeneous starches show gradually decreasing trend from polygonal to hollow starch granules SBE abundance gradient
ISA (isoamylase) activity can suppress glucan accumulation
complementation of adenosine 5-diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase)-deficient Arabidopsis mutant with mutagenized redox-insensitive AGPase resulted in maintenance of slightly higher starch levels throughout the diel cycle in long day or high light regimes Arabidopsis thaliana
AGPLLZM null mutations in agpllzm mutant Zea mays
Genes apgsemzm and agpllzm were each required for production of approximately 7% of total endosperm starch Zea mays
granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) is buried in starch granule
regular alterations of molecular structures in four TRS heterogeneous starch granules are reminiscent of effects of different SBEIIb dosages on molecular structures
three SBEs in TRS exhibit accumulating trend in granule-bound fraction before 10 DAF granule-bound SBE accumulation in TRS
ss2ss3 mutant shows no starch granules by TEM; only phytoglycogen or intermediate particles Arabidopsis thaliana
ADPGlc formation is important metabolic control point
14-3-3 protein isoform (A0A1D6CLX4) is significantly downregulated at 20 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
SSI is component of phosphorylation-dependent protein complex
TF modules from WGCNA were linked to correlation coefficients of starch metabolic gene clusters of TF–SSG pairs Zea mays
these miRNAs may be involved in regulation of the initiation of starch accumulation Zea mays
starch-filling in mn1 endosperm is relatively more rapid than starch-filling in Mn1 endosperm Zea mays
transport function of Brittle1 (BT1) was directly assessed after expression in E. coli and reconstitution into liposomes Zea mays; Escherichia coli
reduction of tomato pollen viability by heat relates to decreased starch accumulation in developing pollen grains Solanum lycopersicum
Rc and (ATIPT5, IPT5, AT5G19040) haplotype 4-enriched rice lines had elevated amylose content (AM1)
sucrose signal transmission by TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE (T6P) triggers activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Arabidopsis thaliana
phosphorylation catalyzes the formation of LMW complexes from monomers of SSI, SSIIa and SBEIIb Zea mays
five phospho-amino acid residues in wheat granule-bound SSIIa (Ta-SSIIa) were identified with varying degrees of conservation in other plant species Triticum aestivum
ventral endosperm of osnf-yb9 seeds was filled with loosely packed, spherical starch granules with large air spaces Oryza sativa
OtsA overexpression in Arabidopsis causes activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Arabidopsis thaliana
AGPL1 and AGPS1 are involved in the promotion of starch biosynthesis Solanum lycopersicum
starch biosynthesis in tomato fruit is mainly regulated by sugar in an ABA- and osmotic stress-independent manner Solanum lycopersicum
reduction in SBE IIa and SBE IIb expression causes significant reduction in frequency of branches in amylopectin Hordeum vulgare
ADP-glucose (ADP-Glc) is exclusively generated in cytosol Zea mays
repression or loss of (NTT, WIP2, AT3G57670) activity results in dramatically decreased starch levels in potato tubers Solanum tuberosum
Rc and (ATIPT5, IPT5, AT5G19040) verified the role of these genomic loci in influencing amylose levels
Ery4P (erythrose-4-phosphate) is potent inhibitor of phosphoglucoisomerase
phosphorylation enhanced catalytic activity of SBEIIb Zea mays
overexpression of ZmMYB138 had significant effect on activities of the promoters of (ATBT2, BT2, AT3G48360) and Ae1 Zea mays
OsBEIIb is involved in starch biosynthesis Oryza sativa
gene editing technologies can be used to modify other starch traits
SBEIIb is phosphorylated SBEIIb phosphorylation
dissociation constants (Kd) of SSIIa for amylopectin are identical under phosphorylating (ATP treatment) and dephosphorylating (APase treatment) conditions
49 SSGs were identified and expressed in at least one sequenced sample Zea mays
RBE1 is involved in starch biosynthesis Oryza sativa
(GPT, AT2G41490) function impairment due to antisense repression caused significant reduction in starch content of embryo Vicia
ATP treatment (phosphorylation) enhanced catalytic activity of immunopurified maize SSIIa Zea mays
SSIIa co-migrated with SSI and SBEIIb in two different positions following electrophoresis of ATP-treated amyloplasts Zea mays
ZmMYB138 failed to interact with promoters of Sh2, (ATBT2, BT2, AT3G48360) and Ae1 genes Zea mays
SPK knockdown resulted in extreme reduction in protein accumulation of RBE1 Oryza sativa
OsSSI expression was suppressed in osnf-yb9 mutants Oryza sativa
starch synthase (SS) activity biased toward short external chains promotes phytoglycogen biosynthesis
ADP-Glc in ss1ss2ss3 mutants is 35 times elevated compared to wild type Arabidopsis thaliana
Cecropia peltata can make both starch (in leaves) and glycogen (in specialized myrmecophytic Müllerian bodies) Cecropia peltata
Cytosolic and plastidial AGPases both contribute to production of endosperm starch
amylose and amylopectin synthesis is not significantly different between TQ and TRS at 4 DAF
SBEs in TRS following 10 DAF stage seem to be maintained at stable level in granule granule-bound SBE level
lowly expressed SSGs showed hypermethylation of their coding regions Zea mays
genes conferring lower glycemic index (GI) go beyond amylose
phosphorylated SSIIa occurs in vivo as well as in vitro phosphorylation phenomenon
dephosphorylation decreased catalytic activities of SBEIIb Triticum aestivum
HECs have been previously identified in endosperms of wild-type maize and ae-mutants Zea mays
phosphorylation state of each component within the complex could result in altered electrophoretic migration and catalytic activity of the protein Zea mays
recombinant maize SSIIa exhibited comparatively higher Vmax for amylopectin than Vmax observed for stromal maize SSIIa Zea mays
Group 3 contained 17 genes including Ss2.3, (BT1, AT5G63160) and Sbe3 Zea mays
coordinated regulatory network of starch biosynthesis was established maize endosperm Zea mays
salinity stress up-regulates AgpL1 expression Solanum lycopersicum
Arabidopsis is used as model for starch biosynthesis in Chloroplastida Arabidopsis thaliana
(ATSS1, SS1, AT5G24300) and (SS3, AT1G74000) may indicate a synergistic relationship between starch content reduction in ss1-ss3 double mutant
(SS3, AT1G74000) or (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) alone is the primary determinant of amylopectin chain length distribution
Brittle1 (BT1) involvement in ADP-Glc transport has been postulated Zea mays
SSIIa is responsible for starch granule association of SSI and SBEIIb
Ta-Tyr 268 and Ta-Ser 776 are conserved in cereals but not in Arabidopsis Triticum aestivum; Oryza sativa; Zea mays; Arabidopsis thaliana
dorsal endosperm of osnf-yb9 seeds consisted of densely packed, irregularly polyhedral starch granules Oryza sativa
starch biosynthesis is limited by knowledge of genetic approaches to modify starch in crops
sugar precursors undergo major tissue-dependent change in abundance during wheat grain development Triticum aestivum
starch biosynthesis proteins in embryo show a similar pattern gradual increase from 12 to 26 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
SSIIa is limited by availability of glucan branching Zea mays
heteromeric enzyme complexes are stable stability of heteromeric complexes Zea mays
samples from 3 to 7 DAP and 20–25 DAP lacked transcriptional activity Zea mays
starch is synthesized from carbon skeletons derived from the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle Oryza sativa
OsSSIVb is involved in starch biosynthesis Oryza sativa
OsBEI was remarkably activated in osnf-yb9 mutants Oryza sativa
SBEIIb is phosphorylated in phosphorylation-dependent protein complex
SSIIa is phosphorylated in wheat endosperm amyloplasts Triticum aestivum
SSIIa was immunopurified and shown to be substantially free from contamination by other starch synthases
two recombinant isoforms of maize endosperm-specific 14-3-3 (ZmGF-14-6 and ZmGF14-4) were able to interact with GBSSII, SBEIIb and ISA Zea mays
clustering of the unmonitored SSGs that showed obvious expression within 7 and 25 DAP yielded map depicting the spatial expression of the SSGs Zea mays
small subunit of endosperm AGPase influences starch content in maize endosperm Zea mays
new information about starch biosynthesis could be exploited to create novel variability in carbohydrate polymers
novel variability in carbohydrate polymers is created in cereal grains
sucrose synthase (SUS) is highly expressed in storage organs
protein factors differentially affect sucrose synthase (SUS) activity in sucrose synthesis and sucrose cleavage
developing zpu1-204 endosperm accumulates branched malto-oligosaccharides Zea mays
Iso1 (isoamylase)/pullulanase-defective ( (AtBE2, ATISA2, BE2, DBE1, ISA2, AT1G03310) (ATLDA, ATPU1, LDA, PU1, AT5G04360) double-mutant) lines display 92% decrease in starch content Arabidopsis thaliana
starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) interacts with starch phosphorylase (SP) Zea mays
dephosphorylation decreased catalytic activities of SBEIIa Triticum aestivum
phosphorylation might actually dissociate HMW complexes containing maize SSIIa Zea mays
glucose undergoes polymerization to form starch granules
(ATFD1, FD1, AT1G10960) mutant chloroplasts have no visible starch granules Oryza sativa
SSIIa phosphorylation affects Vmax Zea mays
protein phosphorylation promotes dissociation of SSIIa-containing heteromeric enzyme complexes Zea mays
ATP treatment enhanced interactions between SSIIa and SBEIIb Zea mays
ZmMYB115 interacted with promoters of the Du1 and Wx genes Zea mays
13–25 DAP endosperms are periods during which starch accumulates rapidly in endosperm Zea mays
starch granules in SO chloroplasts were fewer in SO compared to SY
osnf-yb9 seeds had significant reductions in total starch content Oryza sativa
OsAGPS2b expression levels were increased in osnf-yb9 mutants Oryza sativa
TubZIP28 shares identical function with TabZIP28 Triticum urartu; Triticum aestivum
SBEIIb remains associated with immunopurified SSIIa Zea mays
formation of different SSIIa-containing HECs could result in altered electrophoretic migration and catalytic activity of the protein Zea mays
phosphorylation of each site is not clear whether it leads to the assembly or disassembly of different protein complexes Zea mays
transcription factor regulates starch synthesis gene expression Zea mays
bHLH144, OsNF-YB1 and OsNF-YC12 directly regulate the expression of Waxy (Wx) Oryza sativa
OsSSIIIa is involved in starch biosynthesis Oryza sativa
band E identified as SSIIa Zea mays
isoamylase (ISA, EC 3.2.1.68) is starch debranching enzyme
short branches with DP2-4 are absent in non-treated amylopectin Oryza sativa
starch biosynthesis control involves intimate interplay of multiple wheat protein isoforms involved in starch synthesis and sugar precursors Triticum aestivum
alteration of protein phosphorylation states affects partitioning of heteromeric complexes Zea mays
key starch branching enzyme SBE2b determines formation of amylopectin Zea mays
transcriptional regulation of SSGs by ZmMYB138 and ZmMYB115 combined with Zma-miR159k-3p can indirectly regulate starch biosynthesis in maize endosperm by regulating the expression of ZmMYBs Zea mays
Su1 (GRMZM2G138060) showed strong negative correlation between mRNA signals and DNA methylation marks Zea mays
(AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) is phosphorylated in Arabidopsis chloroplasts Arabidopsis thaliana
annotated starch biosynthesis-related genes were extracted from maize Zea mays
SSIIa interacts with SBEIIb
(MIR167C, AT3G04765) was identified to regulate starch synthesis-related TFs Zea mays
starch is synthesized exclusively in plastids
SBE IIa-/SBE IIb- line may require SBE I to act on both amylopectin and amylose Hordeum vulgare
accumulation of starch biosynthesis proteins in endosperm is most pronounced in endosperm Triticum aestivum
SSIIa undergoes post-translational modification phosphorylation Zea mays
ATP treatment of SSIIa alone did not affect catalytic activity of SSIIa
enzymes and enzyme isoforms contribute to production of amylopectin and amylose
protein kinase inhibitors affects protein phosphorylation Zea mays
protein phosphorylation promotes association of SSIIa-containing heteromeric enzyme complexes Zea mays
Km values of immunopurified, untreated, stromal maize SSIIa were comparable to those previously determined for recombinant maize SSIIa Zea mays
miRNA–TF–SSG regulatory network was predicted in maize starch biosynthesis Zea mays
poor response to salinity-stress supports ABA-independent regulation of starch biosynthesis Solanum lycopersicum
starch branching enzyme (SBE) IIa plays distinct role in determining fine structure of amylopectin Hordeum vulgare
synthesis of low mass fraction of starch is exclusively under the control of (GBSS1, AT1G32900) activity
starch biosynthesis under salinity stress is ABA-independent abscisic acid (ABA) signaling Solanum lycopersicum
mutations abolishing expression of SBE IIa in maize led to no significant change in endosperm amylose content or starch structure Zea mays
14-3-3 proteins is reduced dramatically after 15 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
incubation of maize amyloplast stroma with tetra-sodium pyrophosphate resulted in electrophoretic mobility shift Zea mays
yellow and red modules may be mainly regulated by SSG cluster 3 Zea mays
AGPL1 is not up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) Solanum lycopersicum
ABA affects AgpL3 expression Solanum lycopersicum
starch granules are composed of amylose and amylopectin
(SBE2.2, AT5G03650) is involved in formation of starch granules
lts1 mutants accumulated many starch granules Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
salinity stress enhances carbohydrate accumulation as starch Solanum lycopersicum
AGPL2 encodes large subunit of AGPase Solanum lycopersicum
mannitol is not effective as single effector for AgpL3 expression Solanum lycopersicum
AGPL1 is expressed in a co-ordinated manner to enzymatic activity and starch accumulation pattern during fruit development Solanum lycopersicum
amylose is component of starch granules
BEII class is represented by two different enzymes
mutations in the gene encoding BEI have no notable effect on endosperm starch Zea mays
granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) is identified in starch granules of barley starch granules Hordeum vulgare
Arabidopsis cyFBPase knock-out plants exhibit major starch accumulation with wild-type phenotype Arabidopsis thaliana
rice floury-2 mutant has pleiotropic effects on PUL activity Oryza sativa
crystallinity of starch granules in PUL mutant lines were almost the same as crystallinity of starch granules in wild type Oryza sativa
high activities of ISA and PUL were observed at early-to-middle stages and middle-to-late stages respectively during rice endosperm development Oryza sativa
phosphorylation (ATP treatment) caused substantial alterations in electrophoretic mobility of amyloplast SSIIa Zea mays
protein phosphorylation enhances catalytic activity of SSIIa Zea mays
Cluster 4 is regulated by green and black modules Zea mays
overexpression of ZmMYB115 significantly suppressed Du1 promoter activity Zea mays
pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK, AT4G15530) has an essential role in starch synthesis and energy supply during grain development Triticum aestivum
ATP-dependent stimulation of SSIIa activity is associated with interaction with SBEIIb Zea mays
IbPMA1 overexpression and IbbHLH49 overexpression jointly increase tuber starch yield Ipomoea batatas
AGPS1 is up-regulated in developing fruits Solanum lycopersicum
AGPL1 is likely to be responsible for enhanced starch biosynthesis under salinity stress Solanum lycopersicum
α(1→6) linkage formation is important to fine structure of amylopectin and amylose Hordeum vulgare
down-regulation of individual enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis is difficult to predict effects of due to pleiotrophic effects on protein complex formation Hordeum vulgare
sucrose and mannitol affect AgpL3 expression Solanum lycopersicum
plastidic Glc6P/phosphate translocator (GPT) mediates import of glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P)
up-regulation of Soluble starch synthase1 ( (ATSS1, SS1, AT5G24300) ) is an incongruity compared with other starch biosynthesis genes Arabidopsis thaliana
suppression of SSI protein changes crystalline order in starch granules Triticum aestivum
starch in cereal grain is produced in amyloplasts Triticum aestivum
ss3a/be2b mutant shows slightly lower SSI activity level Oryza sativa
amylose is contained in fraction I (Fr. I) Oryza sativa
SSIIIa deficiency increases ADP-glucose concentration in amyloplast Oryza sativa
conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate by pPGM is essential for starch synthesis in the light Arabidopsis thaliana
SSI–BEIIa is common among wheat, maize, and rice Triticum aestivum; Zea mays; Oryza sativa
BN-PAGE provided new and useful perspective to analysis of starch biosynthetic enzyme complexes Oryza sativa
starch phosphorylase undergoes major tissue-dependent change in abundance during wheat grain development Triticum aestivum
ZmMYB115 (GRMZM2G423833) expression levels correlated with expression of SSGs (ATSS1, SS1, AT5G24300) Du1, Wx, etc Zea mays
soluble starch synthase (SS) family is involved in starch biosynthesis Oryza sativa
IbbHLH49 overexpression increases tuber starch yield Ipomoea batatas
mannitol and ABA do not up-regulate AgpS1 expression Solanum lycopersicum
salinity stress promotes AGPase activity in developing tomato fruit Solanum lycopersicum
abolishing SBE I activity resulted in no major impact on starch properties
SS activity affects net result of branch placement accomplished by balanced activities of starch branching enzymes and starch debranching enzymes Arabidopsis thaliana
starch debranching enzyme (DBE) genes are conserved in Chloroplastida
AGPL1 is up-regulated by sugar Solanum lycopersicum
changes in starch structure due to altered expression of branching enzymes is indicated by changes in starch swelling power, thermal, and pasting properties Hordeum vulgare
SBE IIa is important in controlling amylose content in wheat Triticum aestivum
(ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) is important factor in granule initiation Arabidopsis thaliana
salinity stress promotes and extends starch accumulation during early fruit development Solanum lycopersicum
AGPL3 does not participate in starch accumulation in fruit Solanum lycopersicum
elimination or reduction of SBE I expression did not yield noticeable phenotype in wheat Triticum aestivum
OCL1 overexpression line K6 showed absence of starch accumulation in bundle sheath cells Zea mays
GBSSI gene in P. capillare produces functional protein that synthesizes endosperm amylose Panicum capillare
Brachypodium starch granules show more flat shapes granule morphology Brachypodium
be2b mutant (EM10) crossed with ss3a mutant (e1) Oryza sativa
significant differences in combinations of isozyme interactions were revealed among cereals Triticum aestivum; Zea mays; Oryza sativa
absence of SBE IIb allows SBE I to be active in branching long-chained starch molecules Hordeum vulgare
plastidic nucleotide transporter (NTT) and plastidic Glc6P/phosphate translocator (GPT) co-limit starch biosynthesis Solanum tuberosum
zymogram uses ADP-glucose
sucrose and ABA up-regulate AgpL1 expression Solanum lycopersicum
possibility that salinity stress promotes phyto-assimilation on the fruit surface was ruled out because starch granules appeared only in inner pericarp, columella, and placenta tissue Solanum lycopersicum
starch branching enzyme (SBE) IIa plays role in determining distribution of chain lengths Hordeum vulgare
amylose extender mutants of maize result from lesions eliminating expression of SBE IIb gene Zea mays
wheat lines with significant reduction in SBE IIa expression showed concomitant reduction in SBE IIb Triticum aestivum
Arabidopsis lines containing only (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) and (ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) have strong reduction in starch content Arabidopsis thaliana
IbPMA1 overexpression increases tuber starch yield Ipomoea batatas
lts1 mutant strains contain starch granules
salinity stress up-regulates AgpS1 expression Solanum lycopersicum
low mass fraction in (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) mutant is strictly under the control of (GBSS1, AT1G32900)
granule-bound SSI isoforms levels increase gradually from 12 to 26 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
formation of pyruvate may be beneficial to synthesis at the grain filling stage Triticum aestivum
electrophoretic mobilities of SSIIa bands are markedly altered by conditions affecting protein phosphorylation Zea mays
SBEIIb bands were coincident with SSIIa bands c and d in ATP-treated samples Zea mays
ATP treatment of amyloplasts enhanced interaction between SSIIa and SBEIIb Zea mays
overexpression of ZmMYB115 enhanced Wx promoter activity Zea mays
starch synthase (SS) gene classes are conserved in chloroplast-containing organisms
amylose is composed of α-D-glucosyl units
starch synthase (SS) catalyzes starch polymer formation
su2 gene codes for SSIIa Zea mays
rate of starch accumulation by grains was significantly and positively correlated with ABA content
low PUL activity is not the cause of reduction in the amount of iodine-stained starch Oryza sativa
ADP-glucose (ADP-Glc) pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) catalyzes formation of ADP-glucose (ADP-Glc)
ae– mutant is replaced by novel protein–protein interactions consisting of starch synthase I (SSI), starch synthase IIa (SSIIa), starch branching enzyme I (SBEI), starch branching enzyme IIa (SBEIIa), and starch phosphorylase (SP) Zea mays L.
novel protein–protein interactions on starch granule structure in ae– maize will be discussed consequences of novel protein–protein interactions Zea mays L.
bamboo meristem bud accumulates plenty of starch after the cool autumn and cold winter bamboo
altered SBE activity has primary effect on distribution or frequency of branches Hordeum vulgare
duplication of starch biosynthetic enzyme isoforms in monocots allows differential expression in tissue and developmental stages
metabolic changes in starch biosynthesis did not occur in (CYL1, NAGLU, AT5G13690) seeds
branching enzyme IIb (BEIIb) is identified in starch granules of rice starch granules Oryza sativa
PUL function partially overlaps with (ARA1, ATISA1, ISA1, AT4G16130) function Oryza sativa
each starch synthase, branching enzyme, and debranching enzyme isoform has varied affinity for different glucan substrates
various protein–protein interactions in ae– mutant are reflected in complement of starch synthesizing enzymes detected in starch granules as granule-associated proteins Zea mays L.
(GBSS1, AT1G32900) appears to be increased in activity compared to normal when (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) and (ATSS1, SS1, AT5G24300) are missing
starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) is identified in starch granules of as wheat starch granules Triticum aestivum
integrated cluster structure of amylopectin is maintained during starch biosynthesis Oryza sativa
stromal protein complexes are mirrored in complement of starch synthesizing enzymes detected in starch granules Zea mays
starch biosynthesis proteins levels increase gradually in endosperm from 12 to 26 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
AGPase, GBSSI, SSIIa, SBEI, SBEIIa, SBEIIb, (ATPHO1, PHO1, AT3G23430) (AtBE2, ATISA2, BE2, DBE1, ISA2, AT1G03310) and (BT1, AT5G63160) are phosphorylated phosphorylation
starch biosynthetic enzymes function through association in heteromeric enzyme complexes (HECs)
Cluster 2 is regulated by green and gray modules Zea mays
SS activity affects chain elongation Arabidopsis thaliana
(SS3, AT1G74000) is necessary for generation of linked clusters necessary for substantial granule growth Arabidopsis thaliana
sh1 mutant significantly decreased level of starch in seed Zea mays
sucrose synthase (SUS) is highly expressed in fruits
chain-length distribution changes were not observed in zpu1-204 endosperm Zea mays
protein phosphorylation is emerging as potentially important mechanism for control of starch biosynthesis
starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb) is most abundant protein in amyloplast stroma Zea mays L.
soluble starch synthase undergoes major tissue-dependent change in abundance during wheat grain development Triticum aestivum
sucrose synthase (SuSy) acts as first enzyme in the conversion of sucrose to starch Triticum aestivum
starch synthesis proteins increase in their levels gradually from 12 to 26 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
SSIIa phosphorylation has minor effects on substrate Km Zea mays
endosperm stores starch
miR169o was identified to regulate starch synthesis-related TFs Zea mays
OsNF-YC12 knockout influences starch granule formation Oryza sativa
OsSSI is involved in starch biosynthesis Oryza sativa
OsAGPL2 is involved in starch biosynthesis Oryza sativa
suppression of SSIIa or SBEIIa expression in mutants cause more severe changes in starch granule structure Pisum sativum; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare
distinct features could be linked to specific differences in starch biosynthesis enzyme expression profiles Brachypodium distachyon
be2b mutant shows greatly reduced starch content Oryza sativa
(ATPHO1, PHO1, AT3G23430) elutes in narrow molecular weight range Oryza sativa
BEI–PUL interaction is unexpected finding Oryza sativa
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC 2.7.7.27) catalyses synthesis of ADP-glucose from glucose-1-phosphate and ATP Solanum lycopersicum
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase regulates starch content
(ATSS4, SS4, SSIV, AT4G18240) is involved exclusively in granule initiation
suppression of SBE IIb in maize was required in order to obtain high amylose phenotype Zea mays
granule proteome analysis is used as means of investigating functional interactions among starch biosynthetic enzymes
PUL has a distinct role in amylopectin biosynthesis Zea mays; Oryza sativa
wild type maize exhibits single migration form of starch branching enzyme (BE) BEIIb Zea mays
double mutants between PUL-null and mild sug1 mutants have amounts of WSP and short chains (DP ≤7) of amylopectin higher than sug1 mutant Oryza sativa
ISA and PUL are involved in construction of the amylopectin fine structure Oryza sativa
ISA (isoamylase) presumed function is trimming of improper branches of amylopectin Oryza sativa
starch synthase I (SSI) interacts with starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb) Zea mays
starch phosphorylase (SP) is phosphorylated within mutant protein complex from ae endosperm Zea mays
fruit sink capacity can be controlled by modification of AGPase gene expression Solanum lycopersicum
SBE IIb reduced line shows no change in amylose content Hordeum vulgare
starch debranching enzymes (DBE) catalyzes hydrolysis of branch linkages
(ATSS1, SS1, AT5G24300) is necessary to restrict abundance of chains in range of approximately DP 15-22
disruption of OsSUT1 did not affect starch accumulation during pollen development Oryza sativa
soluble starch synthase II (AtSS2, SS2, AT3G01180) expression was markedly downregulated in floral nectary of NtCOI1-silenced tobacco at S9 Nicotiana tabacum
SSI-RNAi suppression leads to low level of enzymatic activity for starch synthase I (SSI) Triticum aestivum
Branching enzyme (BE) IIb is major BE isozyme Oryza sativa
BEIIb deficiency induces more pronounced phenotype than BEI or BEIIa deficiency Oryza sativa
AAC (%) of other lines is still low (<10%) at 10 DAF Oryza sativa
BEIIb deficiency increases ADP-glucose concentration in amyloplast Oryza sativa
protein–protein complexes of SSI, SSIIa, and BEIIb are trapped in starch granules during starch biosynthesis Zea mays
isozyme-specific antibodies enabled discovery of active, high molecular weight, starch biosynthetic enzyme complexes in rice endosperm Oryza sativa
PUL was co-eluted in fractions corresponding to mass >700kDa Oryza sativa
rice SSIIa was not found in monomeric size Oryza sativa
pgm1pgm2 lines 1 and 2 lacked starch in root tips Populus tremula × tremuloides
eliminating starch synthase (SS) SSIIa does not affect granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI) abundance Zea mays
starch branching enzyme (BE) catalyzes starch polymer formation
starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) is identified in starch granules of as wheat starch granules Triticum aestivum
sugary1 mutants accumulate highly branched phytoglycogen Zea mays
starch phosphorylase (SP) provides functional complementation for loss of starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb) Zea mays
starch comprises large lenticular A-type granules and smaller near-spherical B-type granules Triticeae
GBSS previously detected in maize starch granules Zea mays
isoamylase (ISA, EC 3.2.1.68) can debranch amylopectin
PUL gene is present in potato Solanum tuberosum
zpu1-204 mutant not found in wild type Zea mays