| kinetics of intracellular sulfenylation and persulfidation |
showed opposing waves in phase-shifted manner |
transition from non- to photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Gly:Ser ratio in sulfide-treated plants |
was significantly higher than |
untreated plants adapted to photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| BS cells in F. cronquistii |
lack |
pronounced GDCp stain |
Flaveria cronquistii |
| GDCp (P-subunit of GDC) immunolabel |
is associated with |
glycine decarboxylase (GDC) activity |
Flaveria species |
| all data shown |
support |
sulfide has a beneficial role for the plants, in relation to photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| interpretations of glycine and serine removal from the photorespiratory pathway |
are demanding on |
ci precision |
|
| chloroplast envelope resistance to CO2 transfer |
is affected by |
photorespiration |
Nicotiana tabacum |
| GDCp immunolabel in inner BS region |
corresponds to |
position of large majority of BS mitochondria |
Flaveria sonorensis; Flaveria angustifolia |
| NAD-ME species |
has higher |
photorespiratory loss |
|
| weak glycine shuttle in hot, low-CO2 environments |
could offset |
photorespiratory costs |
Flaveria species |
| increased organelle volume in inner bundle sheath (BS) |
may create |
large enough sink for glycine |
Flaveria; Heliotropium; Steinchisma |
| sulfide |
found lesser increase but significant in |
GOX and CAT activities |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| BS cells in F. sonorensis and F. angustifolia |
have |
very pronounced band of GDCp immunolabel in inner BS region |
Flaveria sonorensis; Flaveria angustifolia |
| H2O2 concentration |
sharply decreased during first days of transition to |
photorespiration adaptation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| GDCp label |
is apparent throughout |
M tissue in F. pringlei and F. robusta |
Flaveria pringlei; Flaveria robusta |
| reduction in intercept of high-light A/Ci response with Rd line |
is caused by |
increasing flux of glycine into bundle sheath (BS) as ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate regeneration approaches maximum capacity |
Flaveria angustifolia; Flaveria sonorensis |
| heat and aridity combined with low atmospheric CO2 |
would have |
depressed intercellular CO2 content (Ci) and greatly increased photorespiratory potentials |
Flaveria species |
| plants acclimated to photorespiration |
showed decrease in fluorescence in |
stomata |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| higher demand for (ATHPR1, HPR, AT1G68010) and CAT under conditions where the photorespiratory cycle is operative |
exists |
|
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| F. sonorensis and F. angustifolia |
exhibit |
punctate spots of GDCp label in M tissue |
Flaveria sonorensis; Flaveria angustifolia |
| photorespiration |
exhibits largest G × E variance component |
G × E variance component |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiration |
has been in focus for improving |
plant carbon fixation |
|
| obtained losses (%) |
were on average about twice as high as |
modelled fpr,200–21 |
|
| C2 species Flaveria floridana |
shows |
pronounced label in inner BS cells |
Flaveria floridana |
| GDCp label distribution |
is consistent with |
location of mitochondria in M tissues |
Flaveria cronquistii |
| overflow of glycine into bundle sheath (BS) |
causes |
bundle sheath (BS) CO2 concentration to increase |
Flaveria angustifolia; Flaveria sonorensis |
| plants growing under NPC |
transition to |
acclimation to photorespiration in normal air atmosphere (APC) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PSOH levels |
increased to maximum at 6 d after acclimation to air |
acclimation period |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| proteins involved in regulation of important biological processes |
participate in |
photorespiration |
|
| C3 plants |
lose photosynthate via |
oxygenation of RuBP through wasteful photorespiration |
|
| GDCp label |
is apparent as distinct, narrow band along |
centripetal walls of BS cells in F. pringlei and F. robusta |
Flaveria pringlei; Flaveria robusta |
| RT-PCR analysis |
measured |
GDC P-protein expression |
|
| photorespiration |
links |
carbon and nitrogen metabolism |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| iWUE com model |
accounts for |
photorespiratory fractionation |
|
| increase in light intensity |
increases |
glycine production in C2 species |
Flaveria angustifolia; Flaveria sonorensis |
| photorespiration |
consumes |
reducing equivalents |
|
| relative difference (%) in measured A between two contrasting gas-mixture conditions |
can be considered as |
apparent measured photorespiratory loss (%) for condition of 200 μmol mol−1 CO2 and 21% O2 |
|
| sulfide |
enhances the activity of |
several photorespiratory enzymes under active photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| GDCp label in M tissue |
is particularly reduced in |
lower and interior regions of M tissue |
Flaveria sonorensis; Flaveria angustifolia |
| photorespiratory mutants |
grow weakly under |
normal CO2 conditions |
|
| 14 proteins |
found to be exclusively persulfidated in |
APC |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| residual glycine decarboxylase (GDC) activity in mesophyll (M) cells |
could metabolize |
much of the glycine produced at low light |
Flaveria angustifolia; Flaveria sonorensis |
| reduction in relative flux of glycine into bundle sheath (BS) |
reduces |
bundle sheath (BS) CO2 concentration |
Flaveria angustifolia; Flaveria sonorensis |
| increasing CO2 to a final concentration of 0.7% (v/v) |
creates |
nonphotorespiratory conditions |
|
| CAT activity |
showed 10% increase |
sulfide treatment |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| further evidence |
is also presented of |
positive role of sulfide regulating photorespiratory enzyme activities |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| differences in variance components for reactions in photorespiration |
support |
claim of pathway branch points providing flux rerouting |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiration in hot environments |
releases |
substantial amounts of CO2 in the BS |
|
| large vacuole |
would slow |
efflux of photorespired CO2 |
Flaveria pringlei; Flaveria robusta |
| Genes encoding chloroplastic phosphoglycolate phosphatase in Haberlea rhodopensis |
are |
repressed during darkness |
Haberlea rhodopensis |
| (AOX1A, ATAOX1A, AtHSR3, HSR3, AT3G22370) mutant plants |
treated with antimycin A in light for 6 h shows increased |
glycine-to-serine ratio |
|
| redox regulation of photorespiratory enzymes |
has been previously described |
|
|
| photorespiratory H2O2 production |
can be controlled |
elevated CO2 |
|
| growth of plants under high CO2 |
leads to inhibition of |
photorespiratory pathway |
|
| photorespiration |
produces |
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
|
| experimental elevation of [CO2] |
suppresses |
Rubisco oxygenase reaction |
|
| 13 CO 2 emissions (0.23–0.26 µmol m –2 s –1 ) |
remained stable for over approximately |
1 h |
Inga edulis |
| photosynthetic carbon oxidation cycle |
is |
fundamental rate property of plants |
|
| glycine in Col0 |
increased substantially over the first 2 d, then subsequently declined |
Col0 transferred to air |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glycine in Col0 leaves six days after the transfer |
was three-fold higher than at |
elevated CO2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiration |
is effectively switched off at |
elevated CO2 |
|
| photorespiration |
has strong effects on |
cellular NADH/NAD+ balance |
|
| photorespiration |
results in |
ATP losses |
|
| low CO2 concentrations |
are well known to stimulate |
photorespiration |
|
| mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis |
inactivation can be well tolerated under |
nonphotorespiratory conditions |
|
| LPLA RNAi plants in high-CO2 conditions |
showed performance that was not improved in |
high-CO2 conditions |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| release of photorespiratory 13CO2 emissions |
would require |
formation of Gly with 13C atom in first carbon position ([1-13C]Gly) |
|
| (AtHPR1, AtTHO1, HPR1, RAE3, THO1, AT5G09860) |
converts |
hydroxypyruvate to glycerate |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| increase in expression of GDC |
could not fully compensate for |
lack of (AOX1A, ATAOX1A, AtHSR3, HSR3, AT3G22370) to optimize photosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| serine (Ser)-to-glycine (Gly) ratio in scions of C4/C3 grafted plants |
reaches the highest value in |
C4/C3 grafts |
Flaveria bidentis |
| [2-14C]Gly |
is a |
photorespiratory intermediate |
|
| 13CO2 emissions |
were also observed |
|
|
| de novo lipoylation in photorespiring leaf mitochondria |
supports |
high GDC (glycine cleavage complex) activity |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| At- (ASL39, LBD37, AT5G67420) overexpression |
results in higher levels of |
3-cyano-alanine |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| high light |
could induce remarkably increased |
glycine contents in (AtGLDP1, GLDP1, AT4G33010) mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiration |
is |
target for improvement |
|
| Cornic and Jarvis (1972) |
concluded that lack of Kok effect could be explained by |
lack of photorespiration under natural conditions |
|
| serine (Ser)-to-glycine (Gly) ratio |
is often used as |
marker for photosynthesis type |
Flaveria species |
| photorespiration |
can be major producer of |
H2O2 in leaf peroxisomes |
|
| effects of photorespiration on glycine, glutamate, and serine in potato and wheat leaves |
are consistent with |
observations in Col0 |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Solanum tuberosum; Triticum aestivum |
| (AOX1A, ATAOX1A, AtHSR3, HSR3, AT3G22370) mutants |
show altered photosynthetic performance in response to |
aminoacetonitrile (AAN) inhibition of glycine decarboxylase |
|
| increased bundle sheath cell (BSC) - mesophyll cell (MC) interface cell wall thickness (Lpd) at surface fraction of plasmodesmata (Φ) equal to 0.03 |
lowered |
rate of photorespiration |
|
| C4 roots |
are important for |
manifestation of C4 characteristic serine (Ser)-to-glycine (Gly) ratio |
Flaveria bidentis |
| serine (Ser)-to-glycine (Gly) ratios |
may not be controlled only by |
photorespiration |
Flaveria species |
| [2- 13 C]Gly delivered to leaves via transpiration stream |
does not accumulate but is |
rapidly metabolized |
Inga edulis |
| AtLIP2 gene |
is coregulated with |
photorespiratory genes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| [2-13C]glycine |
stimulated emissions of |
13CO2 |
|
| Rubisco |
catalyzes |
oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) |
|
| fractionation associated with photorespiration |
has value of |
f = 11.6‰ |
|
| serine |
is produced in photorespiration at much higher rates than |
rates required for glutathione synthesis |
|
| alternative oxidase (AOX), particularly (AOX1A, ATAOX1A, AtHSR3, HSR3, AT3G22370) isoform |
coordinates with chloroplast photorespiratory pathway (CP) to optimize |
photosynthetic performance |
|
| H-protein in plants |
could go beyond |
function during glycine decarboxylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Photorespiratory pathway genes in Haberlea rhodopensis |
are |
heavily repressed during darkness |
Haberlea rhodopensis |
| repression of Rubisco |
results in less production of |
phosphoglycolate |
Haberlea rhodopensis |
| decreased levels of serine |
confirms repression of |
photorespiratory pathways in darkness |
Haberlea rhodopensis |
| glycerate |
is shuttled from |
peroxisomes to chloroplasts |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| endogenous H2O2 |
is localized in |
peroxisomes |
|
| lack of GDC protein |
cannot explain |
limitation at GDC-catalyzed step in (AOX1A, ATAOX1A, AtHSR3, HSR3, AT3G22370) |
|
| photorespiration becoming active at expense of photosynthesis |
occurs under |
high temperatures |
|
| Perturbation of photorespiratory metabolism |
is relatively small |
as indicated by changes in Gly, Ser, and glycerate |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glycine decarboxylase (GDC) |
catalyzes |
photorespiratory Gly-to-Ser conversion |
|
| wild-type plants |
treated with antimycin A in light for 6 h shows |
glycine-to-serine ratio of 0.6 |
|
| photorespiratory activity in peroxisomes of germinating seeds |
is |
little |
|
| photorespiration |
could serve as |
alternative dissipating system |
|
| leaf temperature maintained at 30°C |
resulted in |
13 CO 2 emissions remained stable |
Inga edulis |
| [2,3 13C]Ser |
could form when |
supplied [2-13C]Gly is methylated by 13CH2-tetrahydrofolate generated from another [2-13C]Gly |
|
| ammonium |
is subsequently incorporated into |
glutamate |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiratory process |
recovers |
one molecule of 3PGA from two molecules of 2PG |
|
| (AtGLDP1, GLDP1, AT4G33010) null plants |
accumulate more glycine under |
intensified photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| reaction of Rubisco with oxygen |
is considered |
wasteful |
|
| serine (Ser)-to-glycine (Gly) ratio in scions of C3/C4 grafted plants |
increased to values of |
C4 scions |
Flaveria robusta; Flaveria bidentis |
| photorespiration |
is implicated in |
plasticity of growth |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| light dependency of ½ |
could be explained by |
residual glycine decarboxylase (GDC) activity in mesophyll (M) cells |
Flaveria angustifolia; Flaveria sonorensis |
| mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase antisense lines |
showed increased |
label redistribution to glycine and serine |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| photorespiration protection against photoinhibition |
occurs under conditions of |
stress conditions that lead to stomatal closure |
|
| oxygenation reaction |
leads to |
wasteful photorespiration |
|
| glycolate oxidase (GOX) |
produces |
glyoxylate |
|
| glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT) |
catalyzes transamination of |
glyoxylate |
|
| serine amino group transfer to glyoxylate |
produces |
glycine |
|
| plant |
attempts to counter effects by elevating |
(AOX1D, AT1G32350) expression level |
|
| leaves exposed to photorespiratory conditions (50 ppmv 12 CO 2 ; negative net photosynthesis) and [2- 13 C]Gly |
resulted in |
emissions of labeled 13 CO 2 were observed within minutes |
Inga edulis |
| rapid emission of 13CO2 and isoprene with multiple 13C atoms (one to five) |
demonstrates that |
supplied [2-13C]Gly can undergo several photorespiratory cycles |
|
| (AOX1A, ATAOX1A, AtHSR3, HSR3, AT3G22370) (ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE 1A) |
optimizes |
carbon flux through photorespiration |
|
| glycine cleavage system (GCS) |
catalyses |
pyridoxal 5-phosphate-dependent enzyme P-protein (glycine decarboxylase) reaction |
|
| 5-formyl-THF auto-inhibition of SHMT |
necessitates |
continual detoxification |
|
| (ATPUMP1, ATUCP1, PUMP1, UCP, UCP1, AT3G54110) mutant |
shows dramatic decrease in |
mitochondrial conversion of glycine to serine |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| operation of photorespiration |
requires |
multiple, as yet uncharacterized, organellar metabolite transporters |
|
| photorespiration |
is discussed to mitigate |
high light stress |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiration |
is discussed to mitigate |
drought stress |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| restriction of GDC activity to bundle sheath cells |
led to establishment of |
photorespiratory CO2 pump |
|
| higher levels of glycine and serine |
indicates |
enhanced photorespiration activity |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| IDH4 transgenic line |
shows significantly reduced level of |
glycerate |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| photorespiration protection against photoinhibition |
occurs under conditions of |
reduction in intercellular CO2 concentrations |
|
| concomitant release of post-photorespiratory NH4+ |
is increased in |
SHMT transgenic plants |
Solanum tuberosum |
| photorespiratory pathway mutants |
are affected in |
mitochondrial enzymes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiration |
produces |
more glycine that needs to be degraded to prevent cell intoxication |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glycine and serine accumulation |
may indicate |
enhanced photorespiration activity in the leaves of FOX lines |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| conversion of glycine to serine |
occurs during |
ambient atmospheric conditions |
|
| catalytic cycle of Rubisco in C3 plants |
about every fourth cycle leads to formation of |
2-phosphoglycolate |
|
| reduction of gross-photosynthesis to about 50% and less |
lowers |
potential yields |
|
| photorespiration |
requires |
ATP |
|
| photorespiration |
requires extra energy for |
refixation of liberated ammonia |
|
| photorespiration |
is associated with |
respiratory C flow |
|
| photorespiration |
is likely to protect against |
photoinhibition |
|
| photorespiration |
is discussed to mitigate |
salt stress |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiratory pathway mutants |
show |
smaller growth |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATPDX1, ATPDX1.3, PDX1, PDX1.3, RSR4, AT5G01410) proteins |
have significant impact on |
photorespiratory and photosynthetic processes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| chloroplasts |
are sites of |
photorespiration |
|
| CO2 loss from photorespiration |
represents the largest fraction of |
respiratory processes that reduce gross-photosynthesis |
|
| glycine cleavage system (GCS) |
is |
association of four polypeptides in a fragile multiprotein glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) |
|
| cytosolic bypass of hydroxypyruvate reduction |
exists |
photorespiration |
|
| d-GLYCERATE 3-KINASE (GLYK, AT1G80380) |
returns |
three out of four 2PG C atoms back to the Calvin-Benson cycle |
|
| photorespiration |
involves |
metabolite shuttles |
|
| photorespiration |
results in |
CO2 losses |
|
| glutamate |
is regenerated when |
serine is converted to hydroxypyruvate |
|
| 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG) |
is |
auto-inhibitory metabolite |
|
| glycine cleavage system (GCS) |
catalyses |
NAD+-dependent enzyme L-protein (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase) reaction |
|
| photorespiration |
has regulatory interactions with |
Calvin-Benson cycle |
|
| glycine cleavage system H protein |
was upregulated in |
mitochondria of NOLi lines |
Lolium perenne |
| serine hydroxymethyltransferase |
together with glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) converts two molecules of glycine to |
CO2 |
|
| oxygenase reaction of Rubisco |
produces |
2-phosphoglycolate |
|
| vitB6 deficiency |
is linearly correlated with |
increasing glycine levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| increases in kcat |
lead to |
increases in photorespiration |
|
| metabolite transporters |
are needed to support |
photorespiration |
|
| glycine cleavage system (GCS) |
produces |
methylenetetrahydrofolate |
|
| serine amino group transfer to glyoxylate |
produces |
hydroxypyruvate |
|
| high light |
caused reduced |
glycine contents in (AtGLDP2, GLDP2, AT2G26080) mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| At- (ASL39, LBD37, AT5G67420) overexpression |
results in higher levels of |
glycine |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| reprogramming to maintain glutamate pool size |
is |
part of up-regulation in photorespiration flux |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| photorespiration |
is subject to |
contemporary and envisioned strategies to engineer the biochemistry of, or even avoid |
|
| 2-Phosphoglycolate (2PG) phosphatase (PGLP) |
catalyzes |
hydrolysis of 2-phosphoglycolate to glycolate |
|
| H-protein (hydrogen carrier protein) |
successively interacts with |
P-protein, T-protein and L-protein |
|
| photorespiration |
is suggested to have roles in |
non-heterotrophic tissues |
|
| leaf peroxisomes |
are physically and functionally associated with |
mitochondria |
|
| flux through photorespiration |
is |
very high |
|
| photorespiration |
is known to reduce |
efficiency of photosynthesis |
|
| photorespiration |
comprises |
enzymatic reactions distributed in chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria |
|
| energy costs of photorespiration |
is thought to have |
additional negative impact on crop yields |
|
| transporters involved in photorespiratory ammonium assimilation |
have functions resolved |
photorespiratory ammonium assimilation |
|
| plastidic glutamate/malate transporter DiT2 |
was identified in |
forward genetics screen |
|
| mitochondrial uncoupling protein |
has functions resolved |
photorespiration |
|
| specific transporters of plant mitochondria |
are involved in the exchange of |
glycine and serine |
|
| elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration |
is expected to cause |
decrease in photorespiration |
|
| serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) mutant (SHM1, SHMT1, STM, AT4G37930) |
is |
photorespiratory pathway mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| recycling of 2-phosphoglycolate to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) |
requires |
at least 16 enzymes |
|
| two molecules of glyoxylate |
need to be transaminated to form |
two molecules of glycine |
|
| 10-formyl THF deformylase double knockout of 10-FDF ( (AT4G17360) and (AT5G47435) ) |
is |
photorespiratory pathway mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glycolate |
is |
photorespiration intermediate |
|
| 5-formyl-THF detoxification |
adds |
second-level metabolic repair system on top of that catalysed by photorespiration |
|
| Arabidopsis DiT2 knockout mutant (DCT, DIT2.1, AT5G64290) |
displays |
photorespiratory phenotype |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glycine |
is |
metabolic intermediate in photorespiration |
|
| photorespiration |
is |
highest flux-bearing metabolite repair cycle on Earth |
|
| glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT) |
generates |
2-oxoglutarate |
|
| drought conditions |
favour |
oxygenation reaction of Rubisco |
|
| ammonia |
is released by |
mitochondrial glycine decarboxylase (GDC) |
Arabidopsis |
| glycolate oxidase (GOX) |
produces |
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
|
| glycine cleavage system (GCS) |
liberates |
ammonia |
|
| photorespiration |
has interactions with |
one-carbon metabolism |
|
| photorespiration |
prevents accumulation of |
toxic levels of glycolate |
|
| feedback inhibition of glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) |
leads to increased |
Gly/Ser ratio |
|
| photorespiration proteins |
showed weaker expression in |
bundle sheath cells |
Oryza sativa |
| high temperatures |
favour |
oxygenation reaction of Rubisco |
|
| photorespiratory pathway in eukaryotes |
is |
much more complex than the Calvin-Benson cycle |
|
| glycolate |
moves to |
peroxisome |
|
| tobacco (DiT1, AT5G12860) antisense plants |
display |
photorespiratory phenotype |
Nicotiana tabacum |
| 2-phosphoglycolate |
would be toxic if |
accumulated to high levels |
|
| photorespiratory pathway mutants |
show |
reduced chlorophyll content |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiration |
has developed |
considerable number of roles not directly related to detoxification of 2PG |
|
| (AGT, AGT1, SGAT, AT2G13360) |
was upregulated in |
mitochondria of NOLi lines |
Lolium perenne |
| peroxisome photorespiration |
produces |
H2O2 |
|
| localization of glycine decarboxylase to vascular sheath cells |
is termed |
C2 photosynthesis |
|
| GS isozymes |
have been reported to be involved in |
photorespiration |
|
| glyoxylate |
can also undergo reduction to |
glycolate |
|
| (HUP43, PCO2, AT5G39890) around Rubisco several fold higher than current atmospheric levels |
significantly reduces |
rates of photorespiration |
|
| photorespiratory enzyme-deficient mutants |
were subsequently isolated from |
barley |
Hordeum vulgare |
| disruption of the photorespiratory pathway |
results in |
accumulation of photorespiratory metabolites |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| (ATGSL1, GLN2, GS2, AT5G35630) |
major role is related to |
C2-NH4+ re-assimilation pathway |
|
| photorespiration-associated enzymes |
are strongly up-regulated in |
K16331 line |
|
| glycerate |
is |
photorespiration intermediate |
|
| catalase (CAT) |
decomposes |
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
|
| hydroxypyruvate reductase 2 (HPR2) |
reduces |
hydroxypyruvate |
|
| glyoxylate |
is typically transaminated to |
Gly |
|
| H subunit of glycine decarboxylase (GDC-H) |
shows little alteration in |
transcript levels in antisense plants |
Oryza sativa |
| glycolate oxidase (GLO) |
is |
key player in photorespiration |
|
| glycolate oxidase (GLO) |
could have |
second essential role beyond the photorespiratory pathway |
|
| photorespiratory pathway |
is |
major source of glyoxylate |
|
| serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHM1, SHMT1, STM, AT4G37930) |
was upregulated upon |
(NOL, AT5G04900) knockdown |
Lolium perenne |
| (SHM1, SHMT1, STM, AT4G37930) |
was upregulated in |
mitochondria of NOLi lines |
Lolium perenne |
| Antioxidant enzymes, including APX, GPX, GR, and MDAR |
result from |
photorespiration |
|
| serine hydroxymethyltransferase |
together with glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) converts two molecules of glycine to |
NH3 |
|
| formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase |
was upregulated in |
mitochondria of NOLi lines |
Lolium perenne |
| photorespiration |
acts throughout different stages of |
leaf age |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiration |
recycles |
2-phosphoglycolate (2PG) |
|
| photorespiration |
influences |
nitrate assimilation |
|
| seedlings treated with 100 μM NaHS |
significantly decreased |
glycolate oxidase (GYX) gene expression |
Spinacia oleracea |
| glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) |
plays central role in |
photorespiration |
|
| glycine dehydrogenase (GDC-P) increase |
suggests up-regulation of |
photorespiration |
Oryza meridionalis |
| FOX lines |
show higher levels of |
serine |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (FD-GOGAT, GLS1, GLU1, GLUS, AT5G04140) |
plays a major role in |
photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glycine metabolism |
is closely connected with |
photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| serine |
is |
photorespiration intermediate |
|
| hydroxypyruvate |
is reduced to |
glycerate |
|
| induction of photorespiration-related genes |
had been observed by |
Schafleitner et al. (2007) in a similar study |
|
| photorespiratory pathway |
is energetically expensive and greatly reduces |
net CO2 fixation |
|
| alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (AGT, AGT1, SGAT, AT2G13360) |
was upregulated upon |
(NOL, AT5G04900) knockdown |
Lolium perenne |
| photorespiration |
is down-regulated in |
C4 lineages/tissue |
|
| glycolate oxidase |
abundance level was maintained or increased in |
at least one ipt transgenic line under heat stress |
Agrostis stolonifera |
| genes involved in photorespiration |
were induced at |
28 d after drought in both Sullu and SS2613 |
|
| 2-phosphoglycolate |
enters |
photorespiratory pathway |
|
| light intensity |
is |
key factor regulating photorespiration |
|
| photorespiratory glycine |
serves as a vehicle to move CO2 from |
mesophyll to the GDC-containing bundle sheath |
|
| Gly/Ser ratio |
is a parameter widely used for assessing |
photorespiration rate |
|
| oxidoreductase |
was downregulated upon |
(NOL, AT5G04900) knockdown |
Lolium perenne |
| warm, low CO2 conditions |
exacerbate limitations of |
photorespiratory limitations |
|
| glycolate oxidase |
is located in |
peroxisomes |
|
| water column temperature rise of 20 °C in <6 h |
combined with high pO2 and low CO2 would potentially increase |
photorespiration |
Isoetes australis |
| photorespiration proteins |
showed strong expression in |
mesophyll cells |
Oryza sativa |
| glycolate to glycine reactions of photorespiration |
could theoretically occur in |
mitochondria |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| rate of photorespiration at 210 μmol mol −1 CO 2 |
is estimated at |
8 μmol m −2 s −1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glyoxylate cycle |
may be partially activated to compensate for photorespiratory glyoxylate when |
GLO is suppressed |
Oryza sativa |
| hydropyruvate reductase (ATHPR1, HPR, AT1G68010) |
shows little alteration in |
transcript levels in antisense plants |
Oryza sativa |
| mutants with defects in GDC or further along the photorespiratory pathway |
showed |
deactivation of Rubisco |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| downstream metabolites such as glyoxylate, glycine, and serine |
were not reduced in |
GLO-suppressed plants |
Oryza sativa |
| glyoxylate cycle |
may be involved in |
compensation of glyoxylate as GLO activities were suppressed |
Oryza sativa |
| photorespiration |
is light-dependent and increases as |
light intensity increases |
|
| glycine metabolism |
is |
essential part of photorespiration |
|
| GLO-suppressed plants |
showed few changes in |
downstream metabolites and genes |
Oryza sativa |
| glycolate oxidase (GLO) |
catalyzes oxidation of |
glycolate |
|
| Somerville and Ogren approach |
led to creation of |
Arabidopsis mutants deficient in photorespiratory enzymes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| leaf peroxisomes |
are physically and functionally associated with |
chloroplasts |
|
| photorespiration |
wastes |
energy |
|
| (GABA-T, HER1, POP2, AT3G22200) with dual functions |
suggests potential for interaction between |
GABA metabolism and photorespiratory glyoxylate production |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| mutated gene |
is indispensable for |
photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| accumulated photorespiratory metabolites |
would confer |
negative feedback inhibition on the Calvin cycle |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| serine with high accumulation at D1 and R1 and glycerate with high abundance at D2 and R1 |
indicating |
changes in photorespiration during dehydration and rehydration |
Craterostigma plantagineum |
| oxygen production in bundle sheath chloroplasts of Megathyrsus maximus |
leads to |
higher photorespiration compared with other C4 plants |
Megathyrsus maximus |
| glycine decarboxylase L-protein ( (mtLPD1, AT1G48030) ) |
did not show upregulation under |
low CO2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| the method proposed by Ripley et al. (2007) |
ignores |
the effect on Y(II) |
|
| (AtPHR1, PHR1, AT4G28610) (PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 1) |
is directly or indirectly involved in control of |
light reactions of photosynthesis and photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| peroxisomes |
act in concert in |
photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glycolate oxidase |
performs |
essential role in oxidative photorespiration cycle |
|
| energetic costs of C4 photosynthesis |
result in lower quantum yield than C3 pathway when |
photorespiration is decreased by low temperatures |
|
| decreasing CCR expression in tobacco |
affected |
photorespiration |
Nicotiana tabacum |
| glycolate dehydrogenase |
could have contributed to |
glyoxylate compensation in rice |
Oryza sativa; Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glycolate dehydrogenase hypothesis |
was clearly not supported by |
fact that glycolate still accumulated in the antisense plants |
Oryza sativa |
| glyoxylate compensation when (MLS, AT5G03860) was induced |
is currently hard to understand why |
glyoxylate should be compensated when (MLS, AT5G03860) was induced as it also utilizes glyoxylate as a substrate |
Oryza sativa |
| exogenous methanol (MeOH) |
inhibits part of |
glycolate pathway in mitochondria |
|
| higher temperatures |
stimulate |
photorespiration |
|
| GLO-deficient transgenic plants |
has clearly filled |
important gap for analysis of series of defective mutants along the whole photorespiratory pathway |
Oryza sativa |
| photorespiratory mutants including (AGT, AGT1, SGAT, AT2G13360) GDC, (ATHPR1, HPR, AT1G68010) and glutamine synthetase |
showed similar results to |
PGLP mutants |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| transgenic rice plants carrying estradiol-inducible GLO antisense gene |
allowing |
GLO expression to be effectively controlled |
Oryza sativa |
| GLO suppression |
implies existence of |
alternative pathway for glyoxylate production |
Oryza sativa |
| photorespiration term |
varies from |
1.8‰ at 250 μbar (HUP43, PCO2, AT5G39890) to 0.7‰ at 600 μbar |
|
| photorespiration term |
was dealt with by |
assuming a value for f of 11.6‰ |
Triticum aestivum |
| circadian clock |
may control |
photorespiration-related genes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| oxygenation of sugar phosphate substrate by atmospheric O2 |
compromises |
carboxylase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) |
|
| photorespiratory enzymes |
are localized in |
chloroplasts |
|
| oxalate accumulation and regulation |
do not necessarily depend on |
photorespiration |
Oryza sativa |
| GDC in C3-C4 intermediates |
is localized only in |
mitochondria of BS cells |
Portulaca cryptopetala |
| CO2 fixation by Rubisco in the presence of 21% O2 |
leads to |
futile recycling of CO2 in photorespiration |
|
| photorespiratory mutants |
show |
photorespiratory phenotypes |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| glyoxylate |
could be compensated through |
certain anaplerotic reactions as GLO was suppressed |
Oryza sativa |
| Rubisco oxygenase activity |
initiates |
photorespiration |
|
| glyoxylate cycle blocked at (MLS, AT5G03860) |
glyoxylate feeds into |
photorespiratory pathway |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glyoxylate cycle |
may be partially activated to compensate for photorespiratory glyoxylate when |
GLO is suppressed in rice |
Oryza sativa |
| increased activity of photorespiratory pathway |
leads to |
elevated levels of Gly and Ser |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Y(II) (quantum yield of photosystem II) |
decreases under low O2 because |
demand for NADPH associated with photorespiratory by-product cycling is lower |
|
| Ser content |
may have other sources when |
Glycolate oxidase (GO) activity is partially inhibited by MeOH treatment |
|
| increased photorespiration |
promotes photosynthesis under drought stress by providing |
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) |
|
| PGLP |
is one of |
photorespiratory mutants showing photorespiratory phenotypes |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| (RCA, AT2G39730) |
came out of |
photorespiratory screen related to Rubisco activation under high CO2 in the absence of (RCA, AT2G39730) |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| conversion of phosphoglycolate to less harmful compounds |
takes place via |
linked metabolic processes divided between chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria |
|
| subtoxic chemical stresses |
linked with generic impact on |
photorespiration |
Lolium perenne |
| correlations between Ser and Gly, Glu, Asn, and Ala |
may confirm |
involvement of the photorespiratory pathway in chemical stress responses |
Lolium perenne |
| exogenous methanol (MeOH) |
activates |
glycerate pathway |
|
| Ser |
was strongly positively correlated to |
Gly and Glu |
Lolium perenne |
| major common response to all of the chemical stressors |
was |
depletion of two photorespiration-related compounds, Ala and glycerate |
Lolium perenne |
| photorespiratory enzyme mutants |
have been identified and characterized in |
Arabidopsis; barley; tobacco |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| carbon isotope discrimination method |
has difficulties arising from |
contributions from respiration and photorespiration |
|
| photorespiration |
has fractionation factor value of |
f = 11.6‰ |
|
| phosphoglycolate |
is toxic if allowed to |
accumulate |
|
| photorespiration genes |
showed trends of upregulation under |
low CO2 compared with normal CO2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiration |
results in |
carbon loss |
|
| photorespiratory glycine shuttle |
concentrates CO2 into |
bundle sheath cells |
Atriplex prostrata; Atriplex rosea |
| photorespiration |
is |
essential auxiliary metabolic pathway |
|
| methanol (MeOH) treatment |
produces various changes in |
production of photorespiratory intermediates |
|
| serine hydroxymethyltransferases 2 and 3 (SHMT2 and SHMT3) |
was even more enhanced at |
4h of N deprivation |
Chlamydomonas |
| photorespiration |
has stabilizing function for |
photosynthetic activity |
Clusia minor L. |
| mitochondrial version of photorespiratory pathway |
would bypass |
H 2 O 2 production associated with glycolate oxidase reaction |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Leaf peroxisomes and chloroplasts and mitochondria |
are associated through |
glycolate recycling pathway |
|
| IPT plants |
had increased level of transcripts coding for enzymes in |
photorespiration pathway |
tobacco |
| (AGT, AGT1, SGAT, AT2G13360) |
is one of |
photorespiratory mutants showing photorespiratory phenotypes |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| GLO downstream enzymes |
were little affected in |
GLO-suppressed tobacco plants |
Nicotiana tabacum |
| contribution of At (GABA-T, HER1, POP2, AT3G22200) to photorespiration |
is likely to occur under |
stress when CO 2 availability is restricted |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| stomatal closure |
reduces |
CO2/O2 ratio in the intercellular spaces |
|
| photorespiratory pathway |
genes encoding components have been cloned |
photorespiratory pathway components |
|
| Glycolate oxidase (GLO) regulation of photosynthesis |
possibly through feed-back inhibition on |
Rubisco activase (RCA, AT2G39730) |
Oryza sativa |
| glyoxylate from the glyoxylate cycle |
can step into |
photorespiratory pathway when (MLS, AT5G03860) was mutated |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiratory enzymes |
were selected to analyze |
possible changes under active photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| top 10 pathways with respect to average G × E component |
included |
photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Rubisco |
plays essential role as |
oxygenase during photorespiration |
|
| GS and (ATHPR1, HPR, AT1G68010) enzyme activities |
reached double respecting to |
untreated plants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| similar signaling waves |
are observed during |
transition from suppressed photorespiration to active photorespiration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| GDC levels in M cells of F2 hybrids |
may be low owing to |
inheritance of C4 expression patterns for at least one of four GDC subunits |
Atriplex rosea; Atriplex prostrata |
| Gly |
is converted to |
Ser and CO2 |
|
| cotton leaves treated with methanol (MeOH) |
decrease rate of |
photorespiration |
|
| GLO deficiency |
does not reduce |
serine levels |
Oryza sativa |
| estradiol-induced GLO suppression |
can phenocopy |
photorespiration-deficiency mutants |
Oryza sativa |
| photorespiration |
can alter |
cellular redox balance |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| photorespiratory loss (fpr) for gas mixture of 200 μmol mol−1 CO2 and 21% O2 |
was c. 5.2% in NADP-ME, c. 7.2% in NAD-ME, and c. 7.3% in |
PEP-CK subtype |
|
| differences in calculated Cc and Oc levels |
result in model-calculated average photorespiratory loss (fpr, %) of |
0.27%, 0.46%, and 0.60% for NADP-ME, NAD-ME, and PEP-CK subtypes |
|
| higher leakiness and O2 evolution in bundle-sheath cells |
is associated with |
more photorespiration |
|
| iWUE (SIM, AT5G04470) model |
has drawback originating from inexplicit expression of |
fractionation processes associated with photorespiration |
|
| bou-2 mutant |
shows |
hallmark features of a typical photorespiratory mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) |
accumulates significantly in |
bou-2 mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| mitochondria isolated from bou-2 plants |
shows strongly reduced |
apparent rate of the GDC reaction |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| malfunctioning photorespiratory metabolism |
leads to |
global gene expression modification |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| model-fitting to assimilatory responses |
is complicated and time-consuming |
photorespiratory activity determination |
|
| glyoxylate accumulation |
occurs when |
glycolate oxidase (GO) activity inhibition |
Oryza sativa |
| exogenous methanol (MeOH) |
activates |
glycerate pathway in chloroplast |
|
| photorespiration modifications |
especially affecting |
glycerate |
Lolium perenne |
| (DCT, DIT2.1, AT5G64290) protein |
is required for |
photorespiration |
|
| bou-2 mutant |
does not exhibit inhibited growth in |
CO2-enriched air |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| higher plants |
express |
glycolate oxidase |
|
| GDCp label in M tissue |
is noticeably less than in |
C3 Flaveria species |
Flaveria sonorensis; Flaveria angustifolia |
| GDCp label in mesophyll (M) cells of Flaveria angustifolia and Flaveria sonorensis |
indicates |
glycine decarboxylase (GDC) is still active in mesophyll (M) tissue |
Flaveria angustifolia; Flaveria sonorensis |
| photosynthetic activity by inner bundle sheath (BS) chloroplasts |
would probably depend upon |
photorespired CO2 released by nearby mitochondria |
Flaveria robusta |
| C2 cycle confined to bundle sheath (BS) |
may amount to |
single-celled glycine shuttle |
Flaveria pringlei; Flaveria robusta |
| photorespiratory cycle |
leads to |
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in peroxisomes |
|
| GDC in both Cleome species |
shows selective labelling in |
BS mitochondria in Stage 1 |
Cleome angustifolia; Cleome gynandra |
| photorespiratory mutants in barley |
are specifically deficient in |
PLASTIDIC GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE (ATGSL1, GLN2, GS2, AT5G35630) |
Hordeum vulgare |
| (bHLH, AT5G51780) family members ( (bHLH003, bHLH03, bHLH3, JAM3, AT4G16430) and bHLH9) |
were positively correlated with |
phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP3) and cytosolic hydroxypyruvate reductase (HPR2) |
Chlamydomonas |
| several distinct TFs |
appear to be involved in |
regulation of photorespiration |
Chlamydomonas |
| Tholen et al. (2012) |
demonstrated that |
gm would still be expected to decrease apparently sharply when photorespiratory CO2 flux rises at low Ci even if all relevant parameters in variable J method equation were exact |
|
| photorespiratory rate |
is function of |
CO2 and O2 concentration around Rubisco |
|
| measured data |
could not capture |
theoretical increase in VO/VC expected when Ci was close to zero |
Nicotiana tabacum |
| GS photorespiratory mutants from Lotus japonicus |
are specifically deficient in |
chloroplastic glutamine synthetase (ATGSL1, GLN2, GS2, AT5G35630) |
Lotus japonicus |
| photorespiration modifications |
especially affecting |
alanine |
Lolium perenne |
| few to no stomata on the stem epidermis in C4 Portulaca species |
suggests |
any CO2 assimilated by the chloroplasts would be derived from refixation of respired CO2 rather than by intake of atmospheric CO2 |
Portulaca umbraticola; Portulaca oleracea; Portulaca molokiniensis; Portulaca amilis; Portulaca grandiflora |
| Γ* (CO2 compensation point) |
is |
CO2 compensation point |
|
| level of GDC in both Cleome species |
shows a steady increase from the youngest up to |
mature leaves, with higher expression in Cleome gynandra than in Cleome angustifolia |
Cleome angustifolia; Cleome gynandra |
| photorespiration metabolism and nitrogen status |
are |
closely connected and co-regulated |
|
| photorespiration |
has particular energy demand |
energy demand |
Clusia minor L. |
| enzyme reactions |
occur within |
photorespiratory pathway |
|
| photorespiration |
leads to |
loss of fixed carbon |
|
| photorespiratory enzymes |
are localized in |
peroxisomes |
|
| homozygous photorespiratory mutants |
are not applicable for analysing |
regulation of photorespiration and/or photosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Hordeum vulgare; Nicotiana tabacum |
| glycerate 3-kinase |
was particularly affected in |
(EX2, EXE2, AT1G27510) mutant plants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| low CO2 |
would increase |
photorespiration |
|
| reaction of O2 with RuBP oxygenase |
results in |
increase in CO2 compensation point in response to higher O2 |
|
| serine (Ser) contents |
increase |
reduction in photorespiration rate |
|
| ammonium |
is produced by |
conversion of glycine to serine |
|
| GDC localization in BS cells |
is |
important test to distinguish between C3 and C3-C4 intermediate forms of photosynthesis |
|
| assumption and rate RP of CO2 losses from the leaf |
allows assessing |
partitioning D between re-fixation and loss of CO2 from the leaf |
Flaveria cronquistii; Flaveria pubescens; Flaveria trinervia |
| transcript abundances for most genes related to photorespiration in Flaveria ramosissima |
were even higher than in |
C3 species Flaveria robusta |
Flaveria ramosissima; Flaveria robusta |
| low O2 conditions |
causes |
assimilation increase |
|
| F2 hybrid |
has good chance that |
one or more GDC subunits exhibit C4 pattern and are not expressed in M cells |
Atriplex rosea; Atriplex prostrata |
| Gly content decrease |
is due to |
synthesis of Ser |
|
| sole supply of ammonia nitrogen |
triggers heightened |
photorespiration in the tea plant |
|
| reducing oxygenase activity |
reduces |
costs associated with photorespiration |
|
| photorespiratory CO2 pump in Flaveria pubescens |
elevates intraplastidial CO2 concentration approximately 3-fold relative to |
intraplastidial CO2 concentration in Flaveria cronquistii |
Flaveria pubescens; Flaveria cronquistii |
| Rubisco oxygenase activity at low CO2 |
would increase |
γ |
Atriplex rosea; Atriplex prostrata |
| glyoxylate content |
is influenced by |
fluctuations of light and temperature |
|
| changes in contents of photorespiratory intermediates |
alter |
photorespiration pathway |
|
| 10 sub-networks |
contained |
12 genes involved in photorespiration |
Chlamydomonas |
| photorespiration |
is |
prime example of pathway compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells |
|
| bou-2 and (SHM1, SHMT1, STM, AT4G37930) seedlings grown in vitro for 5–8 days |
accumulate high |
glycine levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| serine-to-glycine ratio (Ser/Gly) |
decreased in |
all mutants under growth conditions |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (BOU, AT5G46800) |
is among the top 5% of transcripts co-regulated with |
photorespiratory genes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 2% O2 condition |
reduces |
fractionation associated with photorespiration |
|
| Rubisco oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) |
produces |
2-phosphoglycolate (2-PG) |
|
| real-time carbon isotope discrimination |
is complicated and time-consuming |
photorespiratory activity determination |
|
| photorespiratory activity variations |
are resolved between |
C3 and C4 plants |
|
| Ser |
gives rise to |
glycerate |
|
| glycolate oxidase (GO) activity inhibition |
occurs even under conditions of |
significant glycine (Gly) deficit |
|
| vascular plants |
may have |
glycerate pathway |
|
| conversion of glycine to serine |
is part of |
photorespiratory nitrogen cycle |
|
| glyoxylate |
undergoes transamination to generate |
Gly |
|
| Ser |
may play an important role in |
photorespiration pathway |
|
| methanol (MeOH), glycine (Gly), and serine (Ser) |
may have been involved in |
evolution of photorespiration |
|
| glycolate/glyoxylate |
is produced during |
photorespiration |
|
| leaf mesophyll mitochondria |
contain |
glycine decarboxylase (GDC) |
|
| oxygenation of Rubisco |
is |
fundamental rate property of plants |
|
| immunodetection using antiserum against P-protein of GDC |
quantified |
P-protein of GDC |
|
| experiment repeated on leaves under higher, but still photorespiratory, 12 CO 2 concentrations (150 ppmv 12 CO 2 ) |
resulted in |
13 CO 2 emissions increased with increasing temperature up to 37.5°C |
Inga edulis |
| Genes encoding chloroplastic glycerate kinase in Haberlea rhodopensis |
are |
repressed during darkness |
Haberlea rhodopensis |
| metabolite analysis |
revealed |
glycine and serine levels showed opposite trends |
|
| calibration curves with authentic standards |
enabled absolute quantification of |
glycine and serine amino acids |
|
| Western blot analysis |
revealed |
equal amounts of P-protein in wild-type and mutant |
|
| bou-2 mutant grown at 3000 ppm CO2 |
shows almost full compensation of |
chlorotic leaves and impaired growth phenotypes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| GDC in Cleome gynandra |
shows a steady increase of |
in parallel with an increase in BS Rubisco levels and cell structural maturation |
Cleome gynandra |
| methanol (MeOH) treatment |
increases |
serine |
Gossypium hirsutum |
| model |
predicted |
photorespiratory rate |
|
| serine |
is |
key intermediate of photorespiratory pathway |
|
| PEP-CK species |
has higher |
photorespiratory loss |
|
| implicit opportunity cost |
is that |
enzyme turnover resulting in Rubisco oxygenase reaction might have been unit of flux in Rubisco carboxylase reaction |
|
| (AtHPR1, AtTHO1, HPR1, RAE3, THO1, AT5G09860) mutant |
exhibits |
less chlorophyll |
Arabidopsis |
| (AtHPR1, AtTHO1, HPR1, RAE3, THO1, AT5G09860) mutant |
exhibits |
decreased photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) |
Arabidopsis |
| glycine decarboxylase complex |
functions in |
photorespiration |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| (GLYK, AT1G80380) |
encodes |
glycerate kinase (GLYK, AT1G80380) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Hydroxypyruvate (Hpyr) |
can diffuse out of |
peroxisome to cytoplasm |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| elementary flux modes |
contain |
Rubisco oxygenase reaction |
|
| photorespiration |
is positively coupled to |
nitrogen assimilation |
|
| cat2-1 mutant |
has |
less than 20% wild-type leaf catalase activity |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AOX1A, ATAOX1A, AtHSR3, HSR3, AT3G22370) mutants |
show decreased |
serine level |
|
| increased ATP level and ATP/ADP ratio |
is indicative of |
increased flux through chloroplast photorespiratory pathway (CP) |
|
| exogenous methanol (MeOH) |
modulates |
glycolate oxidase (GO) activity |
Gossypium hirsutum |
| Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) |
has significantly higher |
photorespiration rates |
Gossypium hirsutum |
| bou-2 mutant |
shows considerably elevated |
CO2 compensation points |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| bou-2 mutant |
shows decreased |
glutamate concentration |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| bou-2 mutant |
shows increased |
2-oxoglutarate |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| bou-2 mutant |
is compared to |
(SHM1, SHMT1, STM, AT4G37930) mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| glycine (Gly) levels |
were elevated two- to threefold in |
all mutants at growth conditions |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| simulations |
tested the effect of |
photorespiration |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| Rubisco |
uses as substrate |
oxygen |
|
| any state of plant metabolism that involves simultaneous photorespiration and photoassimilation |
can be represented as |
weighted combination of modes for the two functions |
|
| enzyme kinetic characteristics |
will play a role in determining |
which modes are operational in given circumstances |
|
| AGAT reaction |
can bypass |
(AOAT1, GGAT1, GGT1, AT1G23310) reaction |
|
| malate |
is ultimately derived from |
chloroplast |
|
| oxaloacetate |
is exported from |
mitochondrion |
|
| ATP yield |
is less than |
a third of the amount that same number of photons could generate through cyclic photophosphorylation |
|
| peroxisomes |
house |
glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT) |
|
| transamination of serine by (AGT, AGT1, SGAT, AT2G13360) |
yields |
hydroxypyruvate |
|
| bou-2 seedlings |
are unable to undergo |
transition to autotrophy |
|
| ABOUT DE SOUFFLE (BOU, AT5G46800) protein |
has central role in transport of |
unknown compound crucial for glycine decarboxylase (GDC) activity |
|
| disturbed glycine/serine homeostasis in bou-2 |
is hypothesized to be caused by |
defect in photorespiratory glycine oxidation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| set of reactions common to all elementary modes |
showed good agreement with |
gene products of mutants with defective photorespiratory phenotype |
|
| (AGT, AGT1, SGAT, AT2G13360) |
has |
some AGAT activity |
|
| photorespiratory intermediates (glycine, serine and glycerate) |
show particularly large diurnal changes |
diurnal cycle |
|
| elementary flux modes |
include modes involving |
ATP production |
|
| modes not involving mitMDH |
are unable to support |
wild-type rates of photorespiration |
|
| part of excess reductant |
can be shared with |
mitochondrial respiration for ATP generation |
|
| precise balance of CO2 and O2 |
is preserved when |
additional reductant is generated in chloroplast and exported to cytosol |
|
| Hydroxypyruvate (Hpyr) |
is converted into glycerate by |
hydroxypyruvate reductase 2 (HPR2) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| radiogasometric measurements |
show |
photorespiratory CO2 evolution |
Flaveria cronquistii; Flaveria pubescens; Flaveria trinervia |
| photorespiration |
results in |
recycling of photorespiratory intermediates |
|
| one hybrid |
has C3-like carbon isotope ratios indicating low Γ is mainly due to |
photorespiratory glycine shuttle |
Atriplex prostrata; Atriplex rosea |
| glycerate pathway |
is not active owing to |
complex evolution of plants in terrestrial environment |
|
| Asn |
is |
amino group donor for synthesis of photorespiratory intermediate Gly |
|
| Asn accumulation under chemical stress |
indicated |
involvement of photorespiratory pathway regulation in chemical stress responses |
Lolium perenne |
| down-regulation of TCA cycle activity |
was integrated with |
up-regulation in the flux through the photorespiration pathway |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| photorespiration |
has interactions with |
nitrogen (N) metabolism |
|
| glycolate |
moves through |
protein pore PM22 |
|
| increase in (ATHPR1, HPR, AT1G68010) and CAT enzymatic activity due to sulfide under APC |
could be a way of |
regulating the activity of these enzymes under conditions where the photorespiratory cycle is operative |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| emissions of 13 CO 2 |
reached maximum roughly |
4 h later |
Inga edulis |
| altered metabolism in LPLA RNAi plants |
shows |
minor adjustments of photorespiratory cycle |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| P-protein transcript level in (AOX1A, ATAOX1A, AtHSR3, HSR3, AT3G22370) mutant |
is increased in controls and following antimycin A treatment |
(AOX1A, ATAOX1A, AtHSR3, HSR3, AT3G22370) mutant |
|
| uncoupling protein 1 |
appear to have a role in |
photorespiration |
|
| transformations of glyoxylate to glycine to serine to hydroxypyruvate |
involve |
one internal serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase reaction |
|
| Rubisco |
produces |
2-phosphoglycolate (2PG) |
|
| photorespiration |
was identified as |
loss of freshly assimilated CO2 to the atmosphere |
|
| serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) |
produces |
5-formyl-THF |
|
| photorespiration |
does not impact |
CO2:O2 ratio |
|
| modes associated with concomitant nitrate reduction |
impact |
CO2:O2 ratio |
|
| (AOAT1, GGAT1, GGT1, AT1G23310) |
catalyzes |
AGAT reaction |
|
| chloroplast glycerate kinase mutant |
displays |
defective photorespiratory phenotype |
|
| 16 modes involving net evolution of O2 |
involve |
excess reductant generation because of complete reliance on non-cyclic light reaction |
|
| additional reductant for operation of GSH-ASC cycle |
is in direct competition with |
that for NO3− reduction |
|
| PR phenotypes |
can change in response to |
environmental factors |
|
| specific reactions in photorespiration |
exhibited |
substantial genetic variation for flux plasticity |
Arabidopsis thaliana |