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photoprotection

21302 relationships annotated with this phrase. Showing first 500 of 21302.
Source entity Relationship Target entity Species
Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI)-light response curves can reveal dynamic xanthophyll cycle activity and photosynthetic downregulation in response to stress
quantifying differences in the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI)-light response in heterogeneous, mixed-species forested landscapes was used to evaluate within and between species variation in photoprotective responses
combination of low minimum temperatures and relatively high radiation during late winter to early spring most likely induce photoprotection processes
integrated modeling approaches have not yet fully incorporated PRI-light responses
photoprotective pigments and cryoprotective compounds dissipate excessive light as heat
LHCSR3 requires calcium (Ca 2+) -sensing protein (CaS, AT5G23060) Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Drought group has higher NPQ values than Water group in low actinic light Arabidopsis thaliana
low luminal pH induces NPQ relaxation processes Arabidopsis thaliana
airborne imaging spectroscopy reveals variation in photoprotection among individual tree crowns and species
variation in PRI-light response provides useful information on photoprotective behaviour related to irradiance patterns
CET protects PSI Arabidopsis thaliana
photoprotective strategies encompass fluorescence, Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), leaf movements, and leaf shedding
several pairs of species suggesting interspecific variation in photoprotection
proxy for illumination incorporated into multilevel model of PRI-light response
higher intercepts possibly indicating less sustained photoprotection
validation, tests of generality, and expansion of approach will hopefully lead to improved understanding of relationships between short-term physiological responses and long-term stand dynamics
DSPR as identified here is mostly an expression of protection, not damage
nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) responds to fluctuating light Arabidopsis thaliana
flavonoids provides UV protection
intercept of the PRI–PAR albedo relationship represented by pigment pool sizes
carotenoids are photoprotectant pigments
adaptation to blue light in the green alga Dunaliella salina upregulated NPQ Dunaliella salina
lower intercepts and slopes of PRI-light relationship indicates less facultative photoprotection
xanthophyll cycle dissipates excess absorbed light energy as heat during conditions unfavorable for carboxylation
American basswood (Tilia americana) had stronger xanthophyll cycle pigment response and steeper declines in photosynthetic LUE with increasing light Tilia americana
topographically driven PRI–PAR albedo responses are expected to vary with time of day
FTSZ1-16 line shows significantly higher non-photochemical quenching level at 2000 μmol m−2 s−1 Nicotiana tabacum
Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI)-light responses of canopy regions reflect recent light histories associated with canopy position and instantaneous light environments
violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE) and (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) protein constitute rapid nonphotochemical quenching mechanisms Arabidopsis thaliana
energy quenching also occurs at photosystem I (PSI) level
kinetics of NPQ/xanthophyll cycle induction and relaxation identified in dark–light–dark transitions Arabidopsis thaliana
(CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) mutant lacks (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) protein Arabidopsis thaliana
PRI0 can distinguish long-term pigment pool-size effects (the constitutive response)
PRI-light responses allow comprehensive view of photoprotection
alternative approaches to evaluate results could include canopy radiative transfer modeling linked to photosynthesis models
leaves exposed to direct sunlight absorb light energy in excess, which is dissipated as heat by non-photochemical quenching mechanisms (NPQ)
interspecific variation in PRI-light responses were likely driven by constitutive vs facultative effects
seasonal changes in effects of photoprotection can be tracked through tracking pigment pools size variation
HA interference or bypass of Diad or Fuco biosynthesis resulting in limited photoprotective capability Phaeocystis globosa
specialized metabolites function in photosystem protection from excess light
carotenoids play roles in photoprotection
maximal fluorescence yield (Fm') decreased after onset of green light illumination correlates with induction and relaxation of qT quenching Ostreococcus tauri
fine pixel resolution allows detection of diversity in individual and species-level photoprotective responses
lower PRI values suggests greater photosynthetic downregulation
PRI responses have been observed in intact forest stands using spectrometer mounted on tower
(OHP2, AT1G34000) protein is proposed to have photoprotective function Arabidopsis thaliana
P deficiency treatment substantially increases energy-dependent quenching component of nonphotochemical quenching Hordeum vulgare
PRI–PAR albedo responses suggest species' differences in pigment pool sizes and xanthophyll cycle responses
airborne method accounting for illumination and sampling at subcanopy level provides coherent light responses revealing contrasting photoprotection
multilevel model considers both facultative and constitutive components of PRI-light response
within-species variation likely reflects particular environmental conditions associated with individual's location
photoprotective compounds in Platycerium bifurcatum sporotrophophylls provided protection against photoinhibition Platycerium bifurcatum
NPQ values of drought-treated plants higher than Water group at low light intensities (≤ 120 μmol photons m −2 s −1 ) Arabidopsis thaliana
photoprotection involves fraction of energy dissipated in the form of heat via regulated nonphotochemical quenching (Y NPQ )
avoiding photodamage requires equally rapid regulation
constitutive (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) expression enables non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) to be switched on within seconds in high light (HL)
sun-exposed foliage had lower intercepts and slopes of PRI-light relationship
ΔPRI can distinguish short-term xanthophyll cycle activity (the facultative response)
variation in topographically driven PRI–PAR albedo responses illustrates value of imaging spectroscopy to characterize shorter term physiological responses
trees with lower average estimated illumination often had higher intercepts
potential applications of PRI–PAR albedo approach include plant physiology
some interpretations of PRI-light response have not been fully validated at this scale
slower NPQ recovery in Drought group indicates photoinhibition endured during the measurement Arabidopsis thaliana
carotenoids serve as photoprotective agents that scavenge free radicals
strong negative relationship between PRI and PAR albedo is consistent with experimental studies showing PRI responds to illumination
reduction of intrinsic quantum yield of photosynthesis (φ0) results in reduction of capacity for CO2 assimilation
enhanced NPQ response caused higher photosynthetic efficiency and better growth Arabidopsis thaliana
CET protects PSII Arabidopsis thaliana
(CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) is expressed constitutively
photochemical reflectance index (PRI) provides measure of constitutive pigment levels
diurnal imagery could assemble PRI-light response
soil moisture conditions likely influenced topographically driven PRI–PAR albedo responses
many chlorophyll (Chl)-deficient mutants are light sensitive
PSII photoprotection enhancement involves development of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) capabilities mediated by (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575)
excessive illumination strongly stimulates biosynthesis of anthocyanins
CYB561A plays plausible redox role in modulating photoprotective response Arabidopsis thaliana
facultative and constitutive responses represent distinct mechanisms operating over different temporal scales
degree of Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) decline with increasing illumination indicates degree of excess absorbed light
protection mechanism results in reduction of trees' photochemical efficiency
high light induces overaccumulation of anthocyanins in plants with lower expression of CYB561A gene Arabidopsis thaliana
adjacent trees of different height and contrasting hydraulic conductance and stomatal conductance exhibit different Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI)-light responses
species differing in intercepts and slopes of PRI–PAR albedo relationship were also accompanied by substantial differences among individuals of same species
potential approaches to validation could involve leaf-level optical and pigment samples
Drought group recovered slower than Water group in the dark Arabidopsis thaliana
Drought group has lower NPQ values than Water group in saturating light Arabidopsis thaliana
lower intercepts and slopes of PRI-light relationship indicates greater constitutive photoprotection
explicit consideration of PRI responses in context of illumination, species identity, and landscape position improves physiological and ecological interpretation of photoprotection
photosynthetic and photoprotective traits are easily disturbed by many proximal sampling methods
CET-induced lumen acidification contributes to NPQ Arabidopsis thaliana
morning-phased DMGs are enriched in photoprotection Petunia hybrida
nonphotochemical quenching was severely compromised in young leaves of the RNAi plants after 7 d of induction Nicotiana tabacum
flv4-2 operon has a decisive role in photoprotection of PSII Synechocystis
early light-induced proteins (ELIP, ELIP1, AT3G22840) and (ELIP2, AT4G14690) are also known as Lil1
interspecific variation in species' photosynthetic and photoprotective responses have been demonstrated in common garden studies
hierarchical framework for distinguishing individual tree crown and species photoprotective responses is presented in this study
future work should explore possible links between early physiological responses and model parameters describing PRI–PAR albedo response
pigments of the xanthophyll cycle have shown strong antioxidant properties
degree of Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) decline with increasing illumination indicates degree of photosynthetic downregulation
photoprotective pigments and cryoprotective compounds downregulate plants' photochemical efficiency
sll0217 - sll0219 (flv4-flv2) operon was overexpressed in Synechocystis Synechocystis
lack of psbA2 significantly increased 1O2 production Synechocystis
all organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis contain light-harvesting-like (LIL) proteins
specific effect of Lute and Zea in providing efficient photoprotection when bound to Lhcs accounts for (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) higher sensitivity to high light stress
binding sites of Zea located inside PSII supercomplexes are effective in protecting PSII reaction centre
xanthophylls bound at interface between outer antennae and β-carotene-containing subunits may form effective safety valve
flv4-2 operon has an important role in photoprotection via decreasing the production of 1O2 Synechocystis
flavonoid accumulation in (ATNTRA, NTR2, NTRA, AT2G17420) (ATNTRB, NTR1, NTRB, AT4G35460) mutant protects plants against UV-light Arabidopsis thaliana
flv4-2 operon expression and exchange of D1 forms in PSII centers are mutually exclusive photoprotection strategies with D1 form exchange in PSII centers upon light stress Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
cyanobacteria and all other oxygenic photosynthetic organisms have evolved different photoprotection mechanisms
(AVDE1, NPQ1, AT1G08550) lor1 double mutant is sensitive to high light Chlamydomonas
Lil proteins function in direct protection of PSI and PSII
(ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) mutants showed extreme sensitivity to photo-oxidative stress in high light
(CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) mutant lacks qE
qE provides minor contribution to photoprotection of PSII photochemistry
grana membranes from WT and (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) compared for photosensitivity
(54CP, CPSRP54, FFC, SRP54CP, AT5G03940) mutants display stronger induction of photoprotective mechanisms Phaeodactylum tricornutum
flv4-2 /OE mutant showed large decrease in 1O2 production Synechocystis
HliD dissipates absorbed energy via direct energy transfer from chlorophyll to carotenoid
(OHP, OHP1, PDE335, AT5G02120) could not be formally excluded to be involved directly in thermal energy dissipation processes Arabidopsis thaliana
flv4-2 /OE mutant revealed approximately 20% lower amplitude of quenching of maximal fluorescence compared to control strains Synechocystis
(OHP, OHP1, PDE335, AT5G02120) expression is increased under light stress Arabidopsis thaliana
plastoquinol oxidase (IM, IM1, PTOX, AT4G22260) can act as safety valve to dissipate excess absorbed energy Arabidopsis thaliana
higher PSII activity in flv4-2 /OE mutant indicates a decisive role of flv4-2 operon Synechocystis
absence of the OCP photoprotective mechanism resulted in up-regulation of flv4-2 operon transcripts Synechocystis
P deficiency treatment is 10-fold higher in NPQt under steady-state growth light Hordeum vulgare
functional chloroplasts prevent phototoxic effects of non-bound photosensitizing pigments and precursor molecules
small CAB-like proteins (SCPs) are found in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
(OHP, OHP1, PDE335, AT5G02120) /Lil2 encodes (OHP, OHP1, PDE335, AT5G02120) protein Arabidopsis thaliana
(PIFI, AT3G15840) mutant exhibits lower capacity for non-photochemical quenching
carotenoid antioxidant capacities in (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) genotypes were not overwhelmed high light stress for exposure times shorter than 10 h Arabidopsis thaliana
(ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) mutants were exposed to high light (HL) stress Arabidopsis thaliana
carotenes distance from triplet chlorophyll is too large to allow direct triplet quenching
ROS causes damage to photosynthetic membranes
anthocyanins protect against strong light
flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) were recently demonstrated to have important role in photoprotection of photosynthetic machinery
Mehler-like reaction differs from genuine plant-type Mehler reaction in that there is no production of ROS Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
plant OHPs are anticipated to have similar functions to cyanobacterial Hlips/Scps
other fields of plant science benefit from evaluating spatial or temporal patterns in species photosynthetic and stress responses
interpretations of PRI-light response rest on rich history of proximal research linking PRI-light response to photoprotection
drought conditions plants protect themselves from photodamage by increasing non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)
light stress induces photoprotective mechanism
zeaxanthin synthesis implies significant decrease of light harvesting efficiency
(ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) mutant should exhibit increased stress resistance if free xanthophyll pool is determinant in photoprotection
absence of Zea in (AVDE1, NPQ1, AT1G08550) does not affect photosensitivity of PSI–LHCI
electron safety valve function of plastid terminal oxidase (IM, IM1, PTOX, AT4G22260) would avoid photoinhibitory damages at photosystem II (PSII)
Early-light-induced proteins (ELIPs) found to be mostly upregulated genes in blueberry buds
Early-light-induced proteins (ELIPs) found to be mostly upregulated genes in Rhododendron catawbiense leaves Rhododendron catawbiense
BBX21-overexpressing plants showed protective effect of pigments after exposure to high PPFD Solanum tuberosum; Arabidopsis thaliana
PHYTOCHROME B (HY3, OOP1, PHYB, AT2G18790) overexpression increased resistance of potato photosynthetic apparatus to UV-B Solanum tuberosum
(OHP2, AT1G34000) protein accumulates in PSI as light intensity increases PSI under increasing light intensity Arabidopsis thaliana
xanthophyll-binding complexes Lhcb play a specific role in protection of PSII particles from photo-oxidative stress
xanthophyll-binding complexes Lhcb prevent damaging effects of singlet oxygen on thylakoid membranes
zeaxanthin has higher photoprotective effect than the other xanthophylls Arabidopsis thaliana
zeaxanthin amplitude of effect is strongly enhanced when bound to LHC proteins
lutein has been shown to be highly effective in direct quenching of 3Chl*
(ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) plants exhibit photosensitive phenotype
downregulation of (ABA1, ATABA1, ATZEP, IBS3, LOS6, NPQ2, ZEP, AT5G67030) suggest accumulation of zeaxanthin during field cold acclimation (F-CA)
leaves with higher anthocyanin showed relatively less chlorophyll degradation and PSII reaction centers closure/degradation
photoprotection efficiency is several times smaller in (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) background with respect to wild-type (WT) background
zeaxanthin provides photoprotection by scavenging singlet oxygen (1O2)
thermal dissipation of 1Chl* (qE and qI) is possible mechanism underlying decreased production of singlet oxygen by PSII
Zea bound to V1 site of LHCII is not involved in direct quenching of chlorophyll triplets
(PSB29, THF1, AT2G20890) provides tolerance to high light intensities cyanobacteria
marked depletion in Lhc subunits yields higher sensitivity to photo-oxidative stress
zeaxanthin is most effective in photoprotection
protein-bound zeaxanthin is more efficient than lipid-free zeaxanthin
oxidizing side inhibition is not reason for differential ROS yield
quenching in Nannochloropsis oceanica may occur in Lhcx1 Nannochloropsis oceanica
zeaxanthin plays key role in protection of photosynthetic organisms against excess light
amplitude of xanthophyll's photoprotective effect particularly of zeaxanthin and lutein, strongly depends on their binding to Lhc proteins
light sensitivity is induced in absence of LHC proteins
(LUT2, AT5G57030) mutation causes smaller increase in rate of lipid peroxidation relative to WT when combined with (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) mutation
singlet oxygen formation leads to photobleaching
Early-light-induced proteins (ELIPs) play essential roles in photoprotection
Accumulation of early-light-induced proteins (ELIPs) can be triggered by various physiological conditions, including light stress and low temperatures
Accumulation of early-light-induced proteins (ELIPs) correlates with photosystem II reaction center degradation
zeaxanthin effect on enhancement of qE provides only minor contribution to photoprotection
carotenoids are active in preventing over-excitation of reaction centers
(CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) mutant retains ability for zeaxanthin synthesis in high light
additional mechanism is needed in order to explain efficient protection of thylakoids in wild-type plants compared to (AVDE1, NPQ1, AT1G08550) plants
energy quenching (qE) is fully dependent on (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575)
(ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) genotypes are strongly depleted in qE
carotenoids function in photoprotection
cold hard band mechanism is found in evergreen plants
ch1npq4 mutant are most contrasting with respect to photoprotection ability
npq1lut2 plants undergo stronger photoinhibition
zeaxanthin induces degradation of major LHCII antenna complex
different xanthophyll species are associated with different mechanisms
β-cyclocitral and β-ionone accumulate when PSII is exposed to a massive excess of excitation energy
non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is protective mechanism Solanum lycopersicum
protection efficiency against photoinhibition strongly depends on xanthophyll composition in the presence of Lhc proteins
(AVDE1, NPQ1, AT1G08550) mutants were exposed to high light (HL) stress Arabidopsis thaliana
protein-bound zeaxanthin is more efficient in photoprotecting PSII (photosystem II)
plastid terminal oxidase reduces ROS production
impairment of ∆pH-dependent mechanisms includes xanthophyll cycle
Lhcx4 seems not to be involved in qE process
x1KO+x1_D95N_a strain showed qE capacity similar to wild type Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Motif 2 proved to be highly essential for qE establishment Phaeodactylum tricornutum
early light inducible proteins (ELIPs) stabilize the photosynthetic apparatus via chlorophyll binding
xanthophyll cycle affects adjustment rate of NPQ
(CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) mutant lacking qE but retaining zeaxanthin synthesis showed that protection of thylakoid membrane lipids against photo-oxidation
lutein is most effective in photoprotection
leaf tissues attempted to decrease absorbance of light energy
energy quenching (qE) is the reason for differential sensitivity of (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) vs WT
efficiency of Lhc-bound xanthophylls is many folds higher and suggests specific mechanism of action
photoprotective advantage of red versus green stems was directly proportional to difference in anthocyanin content
slowly reversible down-regulation is usual in evergreen species
flashing at highest flash rate of 1 fps causes very little non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll excitation energy (NPQ) Cucurbita pepo
chlororespiration impacts non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence Thalassiosira pseudonana
acidification of thylakoid lumen seems to be essential for development of non-photochemical quenching of Chl a fluorescence (NPQ) diatoms
weak ΔpH (proton gradient) did not cause significant protonation of LHC antenna sites Thalassiosira pseudonana
sensitivity to photo-oxidative stress was assessed on whole plants
svr4-1 single mutants have enhanced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) capacity
light exceeds capacity of photosynthesis
photoprotective effect is specific for photosystem II
altered carotenoid accumulation may have direct effects on induction and strength of NPQ Nicotiana tabacum
Substantial upregulation of early-light-induced proteins (ELIPs) suggests photoprotection and/or photoinhibition was more obvious during field cold acclimation
binding of zeaxanthin (Zea) to light-harvesting complexes (Lhc) enhances efficiency to quench singlet oxygen (1O2)
zeaxanthin is effective in photoprotection of lutein-less plants
substantial decrease in qP indicates stronger photoprotection
TL amplitude at 135°C at different time points was measured during exposure of plants to high light stress Arabidopsis thaliana
parameter b can be used as photoprotection index
zeaxanthin appears to be the most effective xanthophyll based on rate of lipid peroxidation
accumulation of Zea in non-ch1 background slows down by three-fold 1O2-dependent chlorophyll bleaching rate
β-carotene plays a role in PSII photoprotection by quenching singlet oxygen
Viola is exchanged with zeaxanthin
xanthophylls protect thylakoid lipids
zeaxanthin is absent in low light conditions
zeaxanthin induces PsbS-independent chlorophyll triplet excited state quenching (qI)
zeaxanthin (Zea)–light-harvesting complex (Lhcb) complexes likely involved in protective action distinct from qE and singlet oxygen scavenging
PSII core is more sensitive to photobleaching due to strongly increased rate of singlet oxygen production upon illumination
discrepancy between peroxy-lipid accumulation and bound Zea scavenging contribution suggests specific photoprotective mechanism distinct from direct scavenging of singlet oxygen
virus-induced gene silencing plants display increased resistance of photosynthesis to chilling and high-light stress Nicotiana tabacum
(SAPX, AT4G08390) (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620) and (TAPX, AT1G77490) double mutants exhibited a phenotype comparable to (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620) single mutants
green algae carry out qE by LHCSR proteins
conformational changes result in energy dissipation within the antennae of PSII
qE capacities provided by introduction of Lhcx1 protein lacking aspartate D95 closely resemble qE levels obtained by introducing wild type Lhcx1 gene Phaeodactylum tricornutum
direct activation of Lhcx proteins could provoke at least some of the qE response
Lhcx1/2, Lhcx4, and Lhcx6 of Thalassiosira pseudonana fulfill similar role as Lhcx1, Lhcx2, and Lhcx3 in Phaeodactylum tricornutum Thalassiosira pseudonana; Phaeodactylum tricornutum
stressed plants were dissipating energy by external heat emission
photosynthetic organisms have evolved mechanisms to dissipate excess absorbed light energy
zeaxanthin-activated state of LHCII could represent qI component of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)
cooperative increase in photoresistance of multiple xanthophyll species has been reported in isolated Lhc proteins and in vivo with Arabidopsis mutants Arabidopsis thaliana
photoinhibitory pressure caused by lack of (FTSH2, VAR2, AT2G30950) is ameliorated early in chloroplast development by enhanced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) capacity
photoprotective capacity strongly depends on leaf age
leaf tissues attempted to decrease light absorbance by reducing light-harvesting complexes
Extents of upregulation of early-light-induced proteins (ELIPs) more than in Experiments II and III
x1KO strain does not have qE capacity Phaeodactylum tricornutum
anthocyanins provide protection against UV radiation
β-cyclocitral (β-CC) is involved in high light stress response
zeaxanthin binds to site L2 of antenna proteins
zeaxanthin distribution is of particular interest for photoprotection
zeaxanthin provides photoprotection independently from qE (fast component of non-photochemical quenching)
functional LHCs are absent in (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) genetic background
nonphotochemical energy quenching (NPQ) reduces ROS production
wild-type plants and (SAPX, AT4G08390) (TAPX, AT1G77490) did not show marked damage symptoms (e.g. photobleaching) during high-light stress treatment
light induced non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ) is characterized by reduction of cellular Chl a autofluorescence
ΔpH triggers qE by protonating LhcSR Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
(CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) switches outer antennae in dissipative state
plastid structure development accommodates photoprotective pigments
blue-light photoreceptors activate chloroplast avoidance movements
strategy to respond to excess light targets damage preferentially to photosystem II (PSII)
P deficiency treatment increases nonphotochemical quenching sharply immediately after onset of illumination and maintains higher levels throughout illumination compared to control and P-resupply treatments Hordeum vulgare
(AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620) (CRR2, AT3G46790) and (SAPX, AT4G08390) (TAPX, AT1G77490) mutants exhibited low NPQ induction upon exposure to actinic light compared with wild-type plants
Fv/Fm value and visible phenotype in (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) and (SAPX, AT4G08390) (TAPX, AT1G77490) showed no difference between (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) and (SAPX, AT4G08390) (TAPX, AT1G77490) mutants
mosses simultaneously rely on three-helix protein LhcSR
Dt/Chl a quenching pair could lead to substantial amount of quenching observed in diatoms
zeaxanthin (Zea) acting as quencher of exogenous singlet oxygen (1O2) shows much weaker differential effect in (AVDE1, NPQ1, AT1G08550) mutant vs WT comparison
lack of light-harvesting complexes in (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) mutants yielded strong increase in damage
lutein promotes triplet chlorophyll quenching
carotenoids protect the cells from photooxidative damage
attenuation of PAR, especially green/yellow light, by anthocyanins is primarily attributable to differences in PSII quantum yields between red and green stems Cornus stolonifera
zeaxanthin up-regulates several protection mechanisms of plants
binding of zeaxanthin to V1 site of LHCII is proposed to promote transition of LHCII to zeaxanthin-activated state
purified Photosystem II (PSII) complexes retaining or lacking LHC subunits
light-harvesting complexes might form protective shield surrounding PSII reaction center
no significant difference in low freezing tolerance (LFT) after 56-day cold acclimation (CA) in Experiments II and III suggests role of anthocyanin was more related to photoprotection than to increasing freezing tolerance (FT)
x1KO+x1_D95N strains exhibited pronounced qE capacity Phaeodactylum tricornutum
aspartic acid in position 95 is not needed to provide qE by Lhcx1 Phaeodactylum tricornutum
proanthocyanidin protects plants from ultraviolet light
light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) switch from light-harvesting mode to energy-dissipation mode
energy-dependent fluorescence quenching (qE) regulates dissipation of energy absorbed in excess within the antenna of PSII
upregulation of Lhcx1/2, Lhcx4, and Lhcx6 under high light stress correlates with higher qE capacity Thalassiosira pseudonana
carotenoids participate in photoprotection
qE protects PSII Arabidopsis thaliana
constitutively high zeaxanthin levels in aba 1-6 mutant ensure rapid, sensitive, and reversible response to changes in thylakoid lumen pH Arabidopsis thaliana
Zn+ light-adapted leaves show increase in non-photochemical quenching parameter (NPQ) Phragmites australis
epidermal localization of anthocyanins allows spring sun-exposed leaves to function as illustrations of anthocyanins functioning as a screen Acer platanoides; Cornus avellana
anthocyanins in Acer platanoides leaves reduce light absorption by leaf photosynthetic apparatus between 400 nm and 600 nm by more than two times Acer platanoides
chloroplast relocation was expected to occur more slowly than fast mesophyll conductance (gm) reduction under blue light Nicotiana tabacum; Platanus orientalis
chloroplasts move away from blue light
x1KO strains do not have qE capacity when cultivated at low light Phaeodactylum tricornutum
mutation of asparagine residue in Lhcx4 to aspartic acid (x4_N98D) did not establish qE functional form of Lhcx4 Phaeodactylum tricornutum
S. robusta responds to high irradiances by expression of photoprotective LHCX genes Seminavis robusta
energy dissipation in light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) was thought to be independent of photoreceptor-signaling
zeaxanthin synthesis must be temporally limited zeaxanthin synthesis
(54CP, CPSRP54, FFC, SRP54CP, AT5G03940) mutants have 20–30% higher Non-Photochemical Quenching capacity than WT Phaeodactylum tricornutum
lack of chloroplast APXs partially alleviates failure of NPQ induction in (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620)
partial recovery of the de-epoxidation state of xanthophylls indicates that xanthophyll cycle activity was partially recovered in (SAPX, AT4G08390) (TAPX, AT1G77490) (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620)
mosses contain and utilize (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575)
ΔpH is only necessary for regulating xanthophyll cycle
xanthophyll cycle is hardly involved in qE Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
centric diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana has qE component that responds directly to ΔpH Cyclotella meneghiniana
association of monomeric (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) with classical light harvesting proteins leads to dissipative state
photosynthetic control protects PSI Arabidopsis thaliana
formation of zeaxanthin, together with the function of (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) protein is responsible for thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy
this tryptophan might be involved in interaction with xanthophyll cycle pigments Phaeodactylum tricornutum
actual quenching process possibly occurs in proteins other than Lhcx Phaeodactylum tricornutum
photoreceptors activated by blue and UV-B light control energy dissipation
(SPPA, SPPA1, AT1G73990) does not have a direct positive role in photoprotection under acute stress Arabidopsis thaliana
red leaves of Cistus creticus show less evident capacity for increase in total carotenoids and xanthophyll cycle components Cistus creticus
chloroplast movement in the avoidance position reduces surface of chloroplasts exposed to intercellular airspaces
partial recovery of NPQ induction in (SAPX, AT4G08390) (TAPX, AT1G77490) (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620) might suggest that the additional lack of chloroplast APXs partially alleviated the failure of ΔpH formation in (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620)
(SAPX, AT4G08390) (TAPX, AT1G77490) (CRR2, AT3G46790) triple mutant did not show an high-light-sensitive phenotype
energy-dependent fluorescence quenching (qE) is fastest NPQ subtype
three conserved, lumenally exposed acidic amino acid residues and C-terminal hydrophilic tail containing acidic amino acids in LhcSR are involved in direct response to lumen acidification Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Motif 1 may be important, but not the only domain to fulfill some function in qE establishment Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Lhcx1/2, Lhcx4, and Lhcx6 of Thalassiosira pseudonana are upregulated under high light stress Thalassiosira pseudonana
Dt molecule putatively binds at motif 2 Phaeodactylum tricornutum
high light induces monomerization of (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575)
modulation of interaction with themselves or Lhcf proteins via motif eventually results in switching on/off qE by disconnecting or reconnecting peripheral antenna to PSII Phaeodactylum tricornutum
high light (HL) grown plants show increased qE capacity Arabidopsis thaliana
(SAPX, AT4G08390) (TAPX, AT1G77490) (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620) triple mutant partially recovered failure of induction of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) Arabidopsis thaliana
low NPQ levels in x1KO strain are not related to qE Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Chl c would make involvement in direct quenching mechanism Phaeodactylum tricornutum
LHCX2 is able to provide qE (non-photochemical quenching) Phaeodactylum tricornutum
LHCX1 is able to mediate qE independently of presence of two lumenal-exposed acidic amino acids Phaeodactylum tricornutum
motif 2 of Lhcx1/2/3 proteins is highly essential for Lhcx proteins to provide qE Phaeodactylum tricornutum
ΔpH is not for triggering qE directly
increased carotenoid pigment production provides photo-damage protection Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
marked decrease in Fv/Fm in npq mutants is apparently supported by importance of xanthophyll cycle for PSII protection
Lhcx proteins depending on presence of Dd or Dt can modulate interaction with themselves or Lhcf proteins via motif Phaeodactylum tricornutum
(ABC1K1, ACDO1, AtACDO1, PGR6, AT4G31390) (ABC1K3, AT1G79600) double-mutant under moderate light stress shows striking accumulation of zeaxanthin, β-carotene, lutein and violaxanthin Arabidopsis thaliana
regulated non-photochemical quenching increases fraction of absorbed light energy at photosystem II (PSII) dissipated as heat
photosynthetic organisms need to regulate light harvesting
specific photoprotective mechanism arising from Zea–Lhcb interactions contributes to decreasing 1O2 yield in high light
LHCSR dissipates harmful excess light energy Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
phenylpropanoid pathway plays an important role in protection of pollen against UV radiation
state transition reduces ROS production
photoprotective strategies in evergreens enhance thermal dissipation
energy absorbed by a leaf is managed through thermal processes
xanthophyll cycle is considered to play key roles in protecting plants against potentially damaging effects of excess light
pre-illumination time increases relative rate of NPQ formation Brassica campestris; Oryza sativa
chloroplast APXs partially complement defects in PGR5-dependent photoprotection
qE (energy-dependent quenching) is ∆pH-dependent mechanism
LhcSR in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains C-terminal hydrophilic tail containing a couple of acidic amino acids Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Chl/carotenoid interaction is proposed to be involved in actual quenching process Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Nannochloropsis oceanica
Phaeodactylum tricornutum mutants with truncated peripheral Lhcf antenna possess fully operational xanthophyll cycle Phaeodactylum tricornutum
tryptophan residue in peptide motif is mandatory for qE induction Phaeodactylum tricornutum
increased relative abundance of VDE accelerates zeaxanthin synthesis Arabidopsis thaliana
increased relative abundance of (CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) has been shown to adjust ΔpH sensitivity of qE Arabidopsis thaliana
decrease in lamina size helps to avoid light-induced damage to photosystems
extent of qE varies enormously between different diatom species
x1KO+x1_motif-1_b strain did not recover qE capacity Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Lhcx4 is not involved in qE process Phaeodactylum tricornutum
carotenoids are central for photoprotection
regulation of energy partitioning in PSII complexes could minimize damaging potential Wedelia trilobata
Lobelia erinus although quantum efficiencies were depressed less in red than in green stems when subjected to saturating light, the measured benefit was smaller than might be predicted based on its anthocyanin content Lobelia erinus
violaxanthin is involved in protection of photosynthesis against salinity stress and excess light
cabbage leaves have higher NPQ values Brassica campestris
unidentified photo-protective mechanisms independent of the D1 repair cycle exist in Chlamydomonas raudensis Ettl. UWO 241 Chlamydomonas raudensis
(SAPX, AT4G08390) and (TAPX, AT1G77490) play a crucial role in photoprotection in the pgr5-background
lack of APXs did not restore NPQ in the (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620) (CRR2, AT3G46790) background
partial recovery of NPQ induction in (SAPX, AT4G08390) (TAPX, AT1G77490) (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620) is consistent with partial recovery of the de-epoxidation state of xanthophylls
lack of conserved acidic amino acid residue in Lhcx4 might be responsible for absent ability of Lhcx4 to mediate qE Phaeodactylum tricornutum
direct protonation triggers qE component
crystal structure of Lhcx protein is required to unravel further mechanistic details of Lhcx-mediated qE mechanism Phaeodactylum tricornutum
both photosynthetic control and qE mechanisms are induced by build-up of ΔpH Arabidopsis thaliana
red Cornus stolonifera leaves recover rapidly to maximum value when returned to darkness Cornus stolonifera
dissipation of excess energy limits formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
zeaxanthin is of particular interest for photoprotection
activation of qI is associated with large xanthophyll cycle pool
mutants lacking chlorophyll b showed marked depletion in Lhc subunits
reduced content in LHCI–Zea complexes may contribute to photosensitivity of (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) genotypes
(CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) mutation in WT and (ATCAO, CAO, CH1, AT1G44446) background results in rather small increase in photosensitivity (1.5-fold)
zeaxanthin substituting violaxanthin into site V1 of LHCII avoids formation of Zea aggregates through docking to LHC proteins
npq1lut2 plants undergo stronger lipid oxidation
lutein–zeaxanthin combination photoprotection is magnified by binding to LHCs
photoprotective strategies in evergreens permanently decrease light absorbance
Group III Fcps are proposed to function in light protection
xanthophylls (violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin) are supposed to play important roles in photoprotection of plants against excess light stress
NPQ formed and relaxation rates are obviously different between cabbage and rice Brassica campestris; Oryza sativa
(CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) genes in green algae have exact role that is still unclear exact role in photoprotection
Chl a /zeaxanthin interactions are involved in qE process Nannochloropsis oceanica
conversion of Dd to Dt may have fundamental consequences for oligomerization states and/or interaction with other Lhc proteins Phaeodactylum tricornutum
dihydroactinidiolide (dhA) is involved in photoacclimation
x1KO+x1_motif-1_c strain recovered some qE capacity Phaeodactylum tricornutum
advantages of anthocyanins were most evident for west-facing stems only in the morning
Lobelia erinus proved to be the exception in the study Lobelia erinus
NaCl stress induces changes in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) Oryza sativa; Brassica campestris
exogenous ABA application alleviated excessive light effects in NaCl-treated rice plants Oryza sativa
electrons exiting the PSII core complex can otherwise be dissipated via glutathione–ascorbate cycle
high-light-inducible proteins (HLIPs) are induced by high light stress
CAB/ (ELIP, ELIP1, AT3G22840) /HLIP superfamily members function in photoprotection
GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE HOMOLOGOUS (GPXH) gene is highly expressed in cells exposed to singlet oxygen generation in the chloroplasts Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
(CRR2, AT3G46790) mutant did not show an high-light-sensitive phenotype
green algae have involvement of xanthophyll cycle in rapid photoprotection that is largely species dependent
PSII supercomplex disassembly facilitates PSII repair or NPQ Arabidopsis thaliana
larger leaf lamina and overall canopy size would make more difficult maintenance and protection of photosystems
acidification of the chloroplast stroma may interfere with xanthophyll cycle for non-photochemical energy dissipation
NPQ mechanism in diatoms shares common features with NPQ mechanism of vascular plants diatoms; vascular plants
green and anthocyanic leaves in Galax urceolata show similar differences in photoinhibition as green and anthocyanic leaves in Cornus stolonifera Galax urceolata
chlororespiratory electron flow is important in light of increase in NPQ-sensitivity of diatoxanthin (Dtx) during reoxygenation Thalassiosira pseudonana
flavonoids provide protection from ultraviolet (UV) light
photoprotection and recovery processes use reducing power
addition of exogenous ABA causes rise in level of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) Oryza sativa; Brassica campestris
anthocyanin levels per chlorophyll unit showed no differences between reproductive (R) and nonreproductive (NR) shoots
anthocyanic periderm removal retains small differences in Ф PSII of underlying chlorenchyma Cornus stolonifera
anthocyanins in senescing leaves of Cornus stolonifera show reduced photoinhibition compared to acyanic senescing leaves of Cornus stolonifera Cornus stolonifera
woody stems may have reduced capacities to dissipate excess light energy as heat
close correspondence in light curves for photochemical yield in red and green stems indicates anthocyanins probably assist photoprotection indirectly by abating incident quantum fluxes
state transition-dependent quenching (qT) is absent in diatoms diatoms
Fcps in diatoms function in photoprotection
up-regulation of all photoprotection mechanisms in red stems would reduce excitation pressure on the chloroplasts
differences in spectral output between lamps and sunlight can lead to underestimation of natural effects of anthocyanins on green light-screening
non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is not fully active at low irradiance
re-introduction of oxygen increased significantly non-photochemical quenching of Chl a fluorescence (NPQ) Thalassiosira pseudonana
anthocyanin biosynthesis in stems in turn protects cortical chloroplasts from adverse effects of prolonged exposures to high light
lack of chloroplast APXs alone did not affect induction of non-photochemical quenching
LhcSR acidic amino acids sense ΔpH Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
photoinactivated PSII quenching is caused by thermal dissipation of excitation energy by photodamaged PSII complexes
complex and multi-pronged strategy for photoprotection and recovery has mutual support from the several processes involved
chloroplast avoidance response would not protect top layer of chloroplasts Cucurbita pepo
chloroplast avoidance response affects mostly transmission of blue light Cucurbita pepo
dark incubation in presence of uncoupler prevented non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) Phaeodactylum tricornutum
lower ratios of VAZ/total carotenoids in red leaves during winter could be interpreted as inherent inability of red phenotype to up-regulate xanthophyll pool size Cistus creticus
photoprotective hypothesis is assessed across five unrelated species which show variation in stem colour
anthocyanins increased in internodes exposed to full sunlight
most leaves have panoply of mechanisms for eliminating supernumerary quanta
non-net carboxylative mechanisms (NC) is the main photoprotective mechanism at low irradiance levels
inorganic carbon accumulation in diatom cells strongly reduces photoinhibitory quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (qI) diatoms
flavonoids afford UV protection
high temperature did not enhance de-epoxidation state (DES) of xanthophyll cycle in Wedelia chinensis Wedelia chinensis
photosynthetic apparatus transitions from light harvesting to photoprotective state non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) diatoms
glycolate metabolism pathway is thought to serve a role in dissipation of energy under conditions of high light and temperature Arabidopsis thaliana
young leaves of Quercus coccifera showed no evidence for actual photoprotection Quercus coccifera
senescing leaves of many woody species showed no evidence for actual photoprotection
total carotenoids/Chl ratio was similar in two leaf types Cistus creticus
chloroplast movement to avoid photodamage might cause reduction of mesophyll conductance (gm) Nicotiana tabacum; Platanus orientalis
excessive light and elevated temperatures exacerbate water stress effects on light energy dissipation and xanthophyll cycling Nicotiana tabacum
(54CP, CPSRP54, FFC, SRP54CP, AT5G03940) KO mutants display stronger induction of photoprotective mechanisms Phaeodactylum tricornutum
accumulation of non-functional PSII is connected to downregulation of the activity and amount of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ABA1, ATABA1, ATZEP, IBS3, LOS6, NPQ2, ZEP, AT5G67030) Arabidopsis thaliana
(AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620) mutant could not sufficiently induce non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)
both ΔpH-dependent regulatory mechanisms, the xanthophyll cycle and photosynthetic control are simultaneously compromised in (AtPGR5, PGR5, AT2G05620) mutant
(CP22, NPQ4, PSBS, AT1G44575) senses and triggers energy-dependent fluorescence quenching (qE)
x1KO+x1_W133M lines recovered some qE capacity Phaeodactylum tricornutum
anthocyanin protects plants from ultraviolet light
cauline anthocyanins attenuate photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) Cornus stolonifera
photoprotective quenching is realized by xanthophyll cycle
carotenoids (Caro) could act as photoprotectant Populus cathayana
far-red (FR) light illumination increases sensitivity of NPQ to diatoxanthin (Dtx) Thalassiosira pseudonana
illumination with far-red (FR) light increased significantly non-photochemical quenching of Chl a fluorescence (NPQ) Thalassiosira pseudonana
Lhcx1, Lhcx2, and Lhcx3 are involved in qE process Phaeodactylum tricornutum
S. robusta responds to high irradiances by downwards migration into the sediment Seminavis robusta
sub-optimal trans-thylakoid ΔpH may cause reduced activity of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)
photon exposure of ∼5 mol photons m −2 leads to gross loss of about half of the active PSII
exogenous ABA influences activity of energy dissipation process (NPQ) Brassica campestris; Oryza sativa
full complement of energy dissipation methods include photorespiration, radiative energy dissipation via zeaxanthin, futile xanthophyll cycle, and D1-protein turnover
photoprotective advantage correlates linearly and interspecifically with anthocyanin concentration differences among red and green internodes multiple species
thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy is important photoprotective mechanism
major protective mechanism against photodamage may be different for two plant species (Wedelia chinensis and Wedelia trilobata) Wedelia chinensis; Wedelia trilobata
Φf,D in Wedelia trilobata decreased slightly high temperature Wedelia trilobata
chloroplast positioning at edges of mesophyll cells maximizes self-shading
abaxial anthocyanins have been implicated to function in photoprotection
(ELIP, ELIP1, AT3G22840) levels in both mutant lines remained higher relative to wild-type plants during early recovery from HL treatment Arabidopsis thaliana
acidification of the lumen is needed for development of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) Phaeodactylum tricornutum
increased light harvesting is at the expense of photoprotection Chlamydomonas raudensis
carotenoids function in photoprotection by protecting photosynthetic systems against reactive oxygen species (ROS)
anthocyanins in leaves may provide photoprotection of chloroplasts
increased fraction of ΦNPQ is partly associated with increased trend towards xanthophyll cycle pigment pool (V+A+Z) Wedelia chinensis; Wedelia trilobata
increases in Φ NF arise at the expense of Φ REG Miscanthus sinensis; Miscanthus sacchariflorus; Saccharum
photoprotection capacity in R shoots is higher in R shoots relative to NR shoots in females Pistacia lentiscus
flavonols serve as UV protectants during berry ripening Vitis vinifera
anthocyanin accumulation has role in photoprotection
higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) associated with lower chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio resulting from increase in carotenoid content in 5P2 probably indicates that ABP9 could function in protecting photosynthesis apparatus through improving photoprotective thermal dissipation and enhancing antioxidative ability Arabidopsis thaliana
(ELIP, ELIP1, AT3G22840) over-expression may lead to increased photoprotection Arabidopsis thaliana
anthocyanins have putative roles in photoprotection
carotenoids in green tissues function as photo-oxidation protectants
critical role for ELIPs in photoprotection was suggested in work done by Hutin et al. (2003)
photoprotective capacity of red-leaf phenotype is smaller red leaf phenotype of Cistus creticus Cistus creticus
anthocyanin accumulation may afford some protection by reducing excitation pressure Cistus creticus
diminishing photooxidation through xanthophyll cycle-dependent thermal dissipation is one of three main mechanisms to diminish photooxidative damage
photoinhibition of photosynthesis requires comparison between abaxially anthocyanic versus acyanic tissues
red individuals of Cistus creticus displayed slightly inferior photosynthetic and photoprotective capabilities Cistus creticus
concomitant chlorophyll loss may afford some protection by reducing excitation pressure Cistus creticus
ABA might play important roles in improving light energy distribution and protecting photodamage under stress conditions Brassica campestris; Oryza sativa
enhancement of NPQ is observed by protection of PSII against increased production of ROS
external filtering in photoprotection occurs when photoprotective pigments serve as a screen
NPQ levels in HL-acclimated insertional mutants were statistically higher than in WT at all irradiances from 200 to 1500 μmol m −2 s −1 Arabidopsis thaliana
(SPPA, SPPA1, AT1G73990) function may be related more indirectly to one of the photoprotective mechanisms Arabidopsis thaliana
excessive light energy without efficient energy dissipation causes leaf damage Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis aba 1-6 mutant possesses constitutively high levels of zeaxanthin Arabidopsis thaliana
(ELIP2, AT4G14690) followed the same basic pattern of abundance as (ELIP, ELIP1, AT3G22840) although the overall abundance was much lower Arabidopsis thaliana
photoprotective effect of anthocyanins is slight red leaf phenotype of Cistus creticus Cistus creticus
(EX1, EXE1, AT4G33630) plants were more resistant than WT to damage upon treatment with low concentrations of 3-(3, 4-dichlorphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) together with high light intensities Arabidopsis thaliana
Esteban et al. (2008) found no correlation between foliar anthocyanin and photoprotection
light-dependent development of non-regulated non-photochemical energy quenching (Φ NO ) was similar in the two leaf types Crithmum creticus
plants treated with both CO2 concentrations maintain nearly constant NPQ at each of the three measurement times Spartina densiflora
(ATPAL1, PAL1, AT2G37040) (ATPAL2, PAL2, AT3G53260) double mutant is highly sensitive to UV-B light Arabidopsis thaliana
carotenoids function in singlet energy dissipation by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)