Notice: Database construction is still in progress. Certain features may be incomplete, slower than usual, or temporarily unavailable while we re-ingest the knowledge graph with citation data. Thank you for your patience.
← All pathways

pathogenesis

17741 relationships annotated with this phrase. Showing first 500 of 17741.
Source entity Relationship Target entity Species
NIS1 knockout (KO) mutant of C. orbiculare was not affected in virulence Colletotrichum orbiculare
in planta transcriptome analysis of multiple C. orbiculare isolates identified 30 C. orbiculare 'core' effector candidates Colletotrichum orbiculare
appressorium with high turgor pressure penetrates through cuticle Magnaporthe oryzae
defects in target protein N-glycosylation negatively affect pathogenicity of Colletotrichum graminicola Colletotrichum graminicola
MoPHZG deletion mutant caused defects in pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae Magnaporthe oryzae
Fulvia fulva causes leaf mould Solanum lycopersicum
context-dependent insect viruses decreases host fertility
Ustilago maydis uses strategy of reorganizing fungal cell wall structure Ustilago maydis
CL13 strain has attenuated virulence Ustilago maydis
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) may function as secreted PCWDE Ustilago maydis
Fol fungus colonizes vascular system
successful fungal plant pathogens secrete effector arsenals
different sets of effector proteins are required and employed for infection of distinct hosts by C. orbiculare Colletotrichum orbiculare
Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris CN08 TALEs are relevant for symptom development in cauliflower Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris CN08
EMC participates directly in pathogenicity Magnaporthe oryzae
ST99CH_3D7 (3D7) is highly virulent in resistant and susceptible wheat hosts Zymoseptoria tritici; Triticum aestivum
oomycetes are some of the most devastating plant and animal pathogens
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) deletion mutants compromises infection Ustilago maydis
Pt9029 enhances pathogenicity of Puccinia triticina Triticum aestivum; Puccinia triticina
Fusarium oxysporum causes Fusarium keratitis
impaired fungal virulence due to FolSir2 silencing is independent of fungal growth Fusarium oxysporum
Prototheca wickerhamii causes protothecosis Prototheca wickerhamii
ΔhopS2b mutant strain shows reduced (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 growth in planta Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
Arabidopsis (ANAC034, ANAC035, AtLOV1, LOV1, NAC035, AT2G02450) confers susceptibility to victorin toxin from Cochliobolus victoriae Arabidopsis thaliana
TALE-mediated activation of SWEET genes is shown in rice, cotton, and cassava Oryza sativa; Gossypium; Manihot esculenta
Δ Mophzf mutant caused fewer and smaller lesions compared with Guy11 and Δ Mophzf/MoPHZF Magnaporthe oryzae; Oryza sativa
harmful insect viruses damage hosts by killing them or reducing their fertility insect host fitness
Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum pathotype causes wheat blast disease Magnaporthe oryzae; Triticum
AvrE1d is required for virulence in (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 infection of 'Hort16A' Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
AvrB2b quantitatively increased virulence of Pfm LV-5 ΔhopA1a / ΔhopE1a on 'Hort16A' plants Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
EPC genes contribute to cucurbit host-specific virulence Colletotrichum orbiculare
five unrelated secreted proteins are highly expressed during infection on both cucumber and N. benthamiana Colletotrichum orbiculare
Xanthomonas perforans ∆ xopQ ∆ xopJ4 ∆ avrBsT strain showed similar growth in GUS-VIGS and NbPtr1-NbZAR1-VIGS Xanthomonas perforans; Nicotiana benthamiana
glucanases facilitate dynamic cell wall remodelling
PpE18-ko-2 and PpE18-ko-24 mutants produced smaller lesions compared with WT Pp016 Phytophthora parasitica
Disruption of major virulence tale genes results in dramatic reduction of pathogen aggressiveness and/or virulence Xanthomonas
UmSir2 overexpression reduces tumour formation in the plant Ustilago maydis
effector genes are concertedly expressed throughout lifecycle of plant-pathogenic fungi
race 2 (R2) strains of Fusarium oxysporum causing FWB infect Bluggoe Fusarium oxysporum
extensive variation in accessory regions and effector profiles of R1 strains possibly suggests that different mechanisms contribute to disease in banana Fusarium oxysporum
(UBP15, AT1G17110) mutant Tri4 and Gpmk1 were overexpressed in rescue of defects in DON production and formation of penetration structures Fusarium graminearum
pathogens respond by releasing effector proteins
loss of GPI compromises virulence fungal pathogens
Δ (ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) infections still cause tumour formation Zea mays
PpE18-ko-2 and PpE18-ko-24 mutants showed significantly reduced virulence Phytophthora parasitica
movement of hyphae from root cortex to xylem vessels is critical for disease progression
four unrelated secreted proteins of unknown function are not required for virulence to the Solanaceae host, N. benthamiana Colletotrichum orbiculare; Nicotiana benthamiana
pathogens sterilize flowers
adapted pathogens secrete effectors
Botrytis cinerea BcRDR1 influences tomato infection Botrytis cinerea
plasmid complementation of HopD1a, AvrB2b, HopD2a and HopAW1a confirmed that these four effectors were individually able to restore ΔxEEL mutant's loss of virulence Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
four unrelated secreted proteins of unknown function are required for full virulence to the Cucurbitaceae host, cucumber Colletotrichum orbiculare
G-protein-coupled receptor (Pth11) and membrane sensors MoMsb2 and MoSho1 regulate appressorium formation Magnaporthe oryzae
Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) is caused by suite of Fusarium oxysporum species Fusarium oxysporum
lack of (UBP15, AT1G17110) potentially impacts ubiquitination and subsequent protein levels of additional proteins involved in penetration structure formation Fusarium graminearum
altered secretion may compromise appressorium biology Ustilago maydis
overexpression of GFP-NbAPX3-1 resulted in significantly smaller lesions compared with control Flag-GFP Nicotiana benthamiana
hopZ5a quantitatively increased virulence of Pfm LV-5 ΔhopA1a / ΔhopE1a on 'Hort16A' plants Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
avrRpm1a did not alter virulence when knocked out individually in (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
15 Z. tritici strains (65%) are virulent on at least one resistant host Zymoseptoria tritici; Triticum aestivum
extensive accessory regions have been linked to pathogenicity toward specific hosts Fusarium oxysporum
down-regulation of Tri4 and Gpmk1 in the (UBP15, AT1G17110) mutant was associated with infection structure formation Fusarium graminearum
understanding how ubiquitination is involved in the regulation of fungal development and infection may lead to development of novel methods for controlling fungal diseases
effector proteins promote host colonisation and disease Solanum lycopersicum
Blumeria graminis have nonmelanized or slightly melanized appressoria Blumeria graminis
row1::gfp allele does not affect (ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) functionality Ustilago maydis
Row1::GFP shows specific localization at appressorium Ustilago maydis
effectors promote fungal penetration, colonization, and tumour formation Zea mays
all mutants except Δ row3 had reduced virulence Ustilago maydis
tan spot is caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
gray leaf spot is caused by Cercospora zeae-maydis
Zymoseptoria pseudotritici and Zymoseptoria ardabiliae are pathogenic on wild grasses Zymoseptoria pseudotritici; Zymoseptoria ardabiliae
X. perforans ∆ xopQ ∆ xopJ4 lacking avrBsT (∆ xopQ ∆ xopJ4 ∆ avrBsT) was used for bacterial growth assays Xanthomonas perforans; Nicotiana benthamiana
Magnaporthe oryzae ROS suppression allows adaptation to the host environment and rapid colonization within the host tissue Magnaporthe oryzae
Fungal RdRPs influence host infection fungi
Δ row2 mutant presented lowest virulence capacity Ustilago maydis
HopA1a Pfm and HopE1a Pfm were associated with reduction of (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 virulence in 'Hort16A' plants Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
TALE genes are conserved in most species of the plant-pathogen genus Xanthomonas Xanthomonas
host susceptibility (S) genes confer fitness advantages to the pathogen
strong immune response fully arrests disease progression
expression of Avr3D1 3D1 and Avr3D1 ISR398 led to decrease in percentage of fungal individuals in contact with host stomata that grew apoplastically Zymoseptoria tritici; Triticum aestivum
Secreted In Xylem (SIX) effectors are localized in accessory regions (ARs) Fusarium oxysporum
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) is identified as GPI effector protein Ustilago maydis
Δ (ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) mutant strain had lower percentage of filaments forming appressoria Ustilago maydis
GFP-PpE18 expressing leaf sides exhibited significantly larger lesions compared with GFP control Nicotiana benthamiana
ΔxEEL mutant strain shows reduced (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 growth in planta Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
knockout of xEEL in ΔCEL background reduced virulence to similar extent as avirulent ΔhrcC mutant Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
targeted gene KO revealed four unrelated secreted proteins of unknown function Colletotrichum orbiculare
other microbes are plant pathogens
overexpressing Gpmk1 and Tri4 in the (UBP15, AT1G17110) mutant could not completely rescue defects in the formation of infection structures Fusarium graminearum
cell wall modification improves infectivity
Ustilago maydis uses strategy of converting chitin to chitosan Ustilago maydis
successful host tissue colonization leads to subsequent tumour formation Zea mays
lesion expansion is associated with increase of fungal DNA Arabidopsis thaliana
loss of hopAS1b has not been identified to significantly affect virulence of (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13
HopF1e quantitatively increased virulence of Pfm LV-5 ΔhopA1a / ΔhopE1a on 'Hort16A' plants Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
MoAa91 exhibits diverse dual functions as novel signaling molecule and effector Magnaporthe oryzae
differences in effector profiles of R1 strains might relate to quantitative differences in banana corm-discoloration Fusarium oxysporum
fungi undergo dynamic cell wall remodelling
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) is induced during infection Ustilago maydis
Δ (ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) Δ row2 Δ row4 triple mutant showed less severe symptoms than double mutant Zea mays
Pto DC3000 infects nonhost Nicotiana benthamiana and native host tomato Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000; Nicotiana benthamiana; Solanum lycopersicum
S genes discovered so far can be grouped into two main functional categories: transcriptional master regulators and nutrient release systems
Pathogenicity assays with Xoo and Xc confirmed crucial role of the tale gene family in Xoo Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae; Xanthomonas cassavae
Avr3D1 isoforms from ISY_Ar_19e, IPO87019, ISY_Ar_16h, and ISR398 reduced symptoms more than Avr3D1 3D1 Zymoseptoria tritici; Triticum aestivum
penetration efficiency is, similarly to virulence, a quantitative trait governed by Avr sequence polymorphisms Zymoseptoria tritici
appressorium plays key role in host invasion Magnaporthe oryzae
study of ARs in Fusarium oxysporum strains infecting banana would provide insights into relation of ARs to pathogenicity Fusarium oxysporum
endogenous siRNAs generation impacts Valsa mali's infection of apple Valsa mali
pathogens use effectors
Row family conservation in pathogenic fungi suggests (ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) is part of a family with similar virulence-related functions Basidiomycota
NIS1 is dispensable for host infection by C. orbiculare Colletotrichum orbiculare
fungi and oomycetes display strikingly similar strategies in interactions with plant hosts
overexpression of the Gpmk1 protein alone might not be sufficient to restore defects in the formation of the penetration structures Fusarium graminearum
Fusarium graminearum fgrdrp3 knock-out strain exhibited decreased pathogenicity on inoculated wheat Fusarium graminearum
Ustilago maydis modifies its own cell wall Ustilago maydis
Δ (ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) Δ row2 double mutant caused significantly less severe symptoms than single mutants Zea mays
grapevine downy mildew is a global threat to Eurasian wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) Vitis vinifera
PpE18 is virulence factor Phytophthora parasitica
PpE18 encodes conserved effector Phytophthora parasitica
quadruple-locus knockout of ΔCEL / ΔxEEL / ΔhopS2b / ΔhopAZ1a was no different from ΔhrcC mutant Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
effector genes have been cloned and characterized in (BGT, GCN5, HAC3, HAG01, HAG1, HAT1, AT3G54610) Blumeria graminis
mutating the N-glycosylation sites in CgCNX1 from Asn to Ala caused similar loss of pathogenicity to the complete loss of CgCNX1 function Colletotrichum graminicola
Row family is involved in Ustilago maydis virulence Ustilago maydis
Phakopsora pachyrhizi have nonmelanized or slightly melanized appressoria Phakopsora pachyrhizi
knockout of hopS2b and hopAZ1a in addition to ΔCEL reduced virulence to similar extent as avirulent ΔhrcC mutant Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
Colletotrichum orbiculare develops appressoria Colletotrichum orbiculare
strains expressing the same Avr3D1 allele display different virulence phenotypes in certain hosts Zymoseptoria tritici
phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) suppression of host ROS accumulation promotes Magnaporthe oryzae infection Magnaporthe oryzae
Δ (ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) mutant strain has poorer appressorium formation Ustilago maydis
(PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) quadruple mutant (ΔhopH1a ΔhopZ5a ΔavrPto1b ΔavrRpm1a) showed large drop in virulence Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
C. orbiculare is predicted to encode hundreds of effector-like small secreted proteins Colletotrichum orbiculare
TALEs play important roles in virulence and avirulence of many Xanthomonas species Xanthomonas
Δ Cgalg3 mutant strains showed severely impaired pathogenicity Colletotrichum graminicola
secretion of PCWDEs and effectors is particularly important for host invasion
subtilases are identified as potential virulence factors
loss of hopAS1b did not affect virulence of (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
hopA1a delivery barely reduced (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13-induced virulence in 'Hort16A' Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
(PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) effectors act together in dynamic complex to facilitate 'Hort16A' infection Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
five unrelated secreted proteins simultaneous deletion resulted in virulence reduction in both cucumber and N. benthamiana Colletotrichum orbiculare; Nicotiana benthamiana
MoEmc5 knockout strains display reduced virulence on host plants Magnaporthe oryzae
isogenic mutant lines expressing Avr3D1 3D1 and Avr3D1 ISR398 led to decrease in penetration efficiency Zymoseptoria tritici; Triticum aestivum
PCA treatment promoted percentages of type 3 and type 4 invasive hyphae Magnaporthe oryzae; Oryza sativa
MoPhzF might be involved in septin-dependent host infection Magnaporthe oryzae
TR4 causes FWB in Cavendish Fusarium oxysporum
deoxynivalenol (DON) is critical virulence factor Fusarium graminearum
VmAGO genes are crucial for pathogenicity Valsa mali
complementation with plasmid-borne designer TALEs lacking sgRNA-targeted sequence restored virulence phenotypes Xanthomonas phaseoli pv manihotis; Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris; Xanthomonas cassavae
magnesium ion transporters MoAlr2 and MoMnr2 contribute to fungal pathogenicity Magnaporthe oryzae
recognized effectors restrict pathogen virulence
pathogens cause tissue death
ash dieback pathogen (ADB; Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus) threatens ash survival Fraxinus spp.
Pst DC3000 ∆ hopQ1-1 strain evades recognition and can cause disease Nicotiana benthamiana
accessory regions contain most SIX effectors Fusarium oxysporum
conserved protein family of six members are involved in pathogenesis
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) is important for appressoria progression Ustilago maydis
appressoria progression facilitates successful host tissue colonization Ustilago maydis
row2::gfp allele did not affect Row2 functionality Ustilago maydis
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) and Row2 have functional redundancy Ustilago maydis
Magnaporthe oryzae strains closely related to B71 caused wheat blast outbreaks in South Asia and Africa Magnaporthe oryzae
Alternaria brassicicola is necrotrophic fungus Arabidopsis thaliana
HopE1a delivery largely eliminated (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13-induced disease symptoms in 'Hort16A' Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
HR facilitates pathogenesis of the necrotrophic pathogens that produce them
northern leaf blight is caused by Exserohilum turcicum
Z. ardabiliae exhibited unsuccessful attempts of stomata penetration Zymoseptoria ardabiliae; Triticum aestivum
both homologues led to reduction in symptoms in susceptible cultivar Drifter Triticum aestivum; Zymoseptoria pseudotritici; Zymoseptoria ardabiliae
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum (Pfm) LV-5 is incapable of causing prolific disease symptoms in 'Hort16A' Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
necrotrophic pathogens cause cell death in their host
one accessory region in Fusarium oxysporum strains infecting strawberry contributes to yellowing Fusarium oxysporum
Botrytis cinerea BcRDR1 influences Arabidopsis thaliana infection Botrytis cinerea; Arabidopsis thaliana
appressorium is essential for establishing virulence pathogenic fungi
GFP-NbAPX3-1 H89A resulted in larger lesion sizes compared with GFP-NbAPX3-1 Nicotiana benthamiana
Fol fungus germinates and adheres to root surface
MeSWEET10a sugar transporter targeting by Xanthomonas cassavae TALEs is example of TALE functional convergence between phylogenetically distant Xanthomonas Xanthomonas cassavae; Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris
N-glycosylation is essential for pathogen growth and virulence Ustilago maydis; Magnaporthe oryzae; Mycosphaerella graminicola; Phytophthora sojae
Magnaporthe oryzae is causal agent of rice blast disease Magnaporthe oryzae
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) Row2 and Row4 might have redundant functions during pathogenesis Ustilago maydis
increased ROS levels within the peroxisome may create more favorable environment for Phytophthora parasitica infection Nicotiana benthamiana
host-specific toxins (HSTs) are also known as necrotrophic effectors
conidium of Magnaporthe oryzae forms appressorium Magnaporthe oryzae
avrPto1b did not alter virulence when knocked out individually in (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
(ATUBP14, DA3, PER1, TARANI, TNI, TTN6, UBP14, AT3G20630) mutant exhibited complete loss of pathogenicity Magnaporthe oryzae
Row1::GFP shows no signal in filament before or after appressorium formation Ustilago maydis
Fol vascular colonization results in wilt symptoms
elevated levels of nonhistone acetylation due to silencing FolSir2 led to impaired fungal virulence Fusarium oxysporum
pectin methylesterases (PMEs) is important for virulence of Botrytis cinerea Botrytis cinerea
surfaces of the fish pathogen Trypanosoma carassii are covered in mucins Trypanosoma carassii
(VIK, AT1G14000) is required for infection by Phytophthora infestans Nicotiana benthamiana; Phytophthora infestans
Kresek disease symptoms are similar to symptoms of pathogen-infected rice roots Oryza sativa
pathogenicity of U. maydis with UmSrt1 deleted was restored when transformed with (ATSUC9, SUC9, AT5G06170) Ustilago maydis
XopI restraint of rice SAR immunity occurs in compatible interaction between African Xoo strain BAI3 and rice Oryza sativa
host-selective toxins (HSTs) evoke susceptibility
Isolates of PTR that produce ToxA induce necrosis in ToxA-sensitive wheat cultivars Triticum aestivum
(AtTudor1, TSN1, Tudor1, AT5G07350) conditions wheat sensitivity to ToxA toxin Triticum aestivum
mucins on parasite surfaces participate in interactions with host cells during the invasion process
mucin-like proteins have been detected in fungal pathogens
melanin is important virulence factor for many pathogenic fungi
phosphorylated AvrPto was found to promote AvrPto-mediated virulence and avirulence of Pseudomonas syringae in tomato leaves Pseudomonas syringae; Solanum lycopersicum
virulence effector proteins are delivered into hosts to suppress basal defense response
crucial fungal components involved in pathogenicity is less known about Verticillium dahliae
pathogens have evolved repertoire of virulence effector proteins
ToxA-sensitive wheat cultivars exhibit necrosis in an 'inverse' gene-for-gene fashion inverse gene-for-gene interaction Triticum aestivum
Ptr ToxA is first isolated proteinaceous (ATHST, HST, PDS2, AT3G11945)
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae P6 (P6–GUS) did not change virulence on line 106 and TP309 Oryza sativa; Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
xopI knockout mutant displays lower virulence than BAI3 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
shutdown of PR gene expression further leads to successful compatible interaction between African Xoo strain BAI3 and rice Oryza sativa
HopF1c and HopF4a are not associated with increases in virulence in Pfm LV-5 Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast disease Magnaporthe oryzae
PCA treatment partially rescued virulence of Δ Mophzf and Δ Mophzf/MoPHZF E77D Magnaporthe oryzae; Oryza sativa
race 1 (R1) strains of Fusarium oxysporum causing FWB cause FWB in Gros Michel Fusarium oxysporum
fungi undergoes morphological changes to develop filaments
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) expression occurs at 1 day postinoculation (dpi) Ustilago maydis
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) is important for appressorium Ustilago maydis
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) causes tomato wilt
FolSir2-mediated removal of K271ac accounts for changes of fungal virulence Fusarium oxysporum
UmSrt1 was characterized and shown to be essential for effective infection Ustilago maydis
hrpA mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is defective in type III secretion system Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000
spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) coinvades host trees along with Ceratocystis polonica Ips typographus; Ceratocystis polonica; Picea abies
fusicoccin could be virulence factor during the necrotrophic growth stage of the F. amygdale disease cycle
circadian clock affects susceptible host
chrysanthemum flowers have moderate susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea Chrysanthemum
fungal secretory proteins expanded understanding from being effectors in plant-pathogen interaction to multitrophic interplay
fungi infect different organs of dicotyledonous hosts
cellulase genes are upregulated during plant infection
virulence factors include effectors
certain host-derived immune elicitors are enriched by virulence activities of necrotrophs
Parastagonospora nodorum produces eight effectors with nine interacting host susceptibility genes Parastagonospora nodorum
Botrytis cinerea exhibits effector degeneracy Botrytis cinerea
Pseudomonas produce syringomycin
Ptr ToxA (ToxA) acts as virulence factor Triticum aestivum; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
ToxA protein is product of ToxA gene Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
(NIP1, AT2G17750) can act as virulence factor on susceptible hosts Hordeum vulgare; Rhynchosporium secalis
UmSrt1 is essential gene for virulence symptoms Ustilago maydis
R. solani is necrotrophic pathogen
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) infection causes necrotic lesions on leaves
Pseudomonas syringae virulence effector proteins targeting PTI signaling components results in increased bacterial virulence Pseudomonas syringae
Cercospora beticola produces beticolin toxins
HopZ1a is member of the YopJ family Pseudomonas syringae
S-nitrosylation contributes to pathogen virulence mechanisms
fungal and oomycete pathogens secrete complex arrays of proteins
filamentous plant pathogens cause disease in economically important crops
phytopathogenic oomycetes pose threat to agriculture and global food security
virulence proteins (effectors) modulate host physiology or immunity
short list of proteases with known substrates hints at vast potential of protease-dependent virulence mechanisms still to be discovered
High-Temperature Requirement A (HtrA) supports pathogenesis by cleaving proteins essential to host cell-to-cell adhesion Helicobacter pylori
NIP1-mediated necrosis enables Rhynchosporium secalis to acquire nutrients from necrotic tissue Hordeum vulgare; Rhynchosporium secalis
physical plant barriers must be overcome by successful pathogen attack
Pseudomonas syringae mutants each carrying a singular effector were co-inoculated onto Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana
white rust disease is characterized by staghead galls formed as result of inflorescence infection Brassica juncea
effector proteins promote microbial virulence
HopZ1a belongs to YopJ/HopZ superfamily Pseudomonas syringae
Ptr ToxA (ToxA) is produced by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
UmSrt1 catalyzing sucrose uptake directly may help avoid defense response Ustilago maydis
α-1,3-glucan is fungal masking compound
moderate susceptibility of chrysanthemum flowers to Botrytis cinerea enables monitoring of disease progress Chrysanthemum
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a is causative agent of bacterial brown spot of bean Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a
symbiotic relationships have emphasized the role of effectors
pathogen and host may target each other indirectly each other
this review highlights what has been discovered about biological activity of effectors
absence of wheat susceptibility genes does not necessarily preclude virulence of isolates with matching effectors Parastagonospora nodorum; Triticum aestivum
cytoplasmic/intracellular effectors are translocated into interior of the host cell
auxin has a positive regulatory role for certain pathogens
necrotrophic pathogens kill host plants
alternariol may play a role in facilitating growth and spread of fungi in host plant
filamentous pathogen pangenomes can transform understanding of pathogenicity
pathogen feeding is tightly linked with infection strategies
effectors of generalist necrotrophs exhibit dual antagonistic activity Botrytis cinerea; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
fungal pathogens secrete effector proteins
SRE3 (Pi06094) promotes virulence of Phytophthora infestans Phytophthora infestans
Ceratocystis canker is caused by Ceratocystis ficicola Ficus carica
plant pathogens are causal agents of cereal head blight
toxins dominate pathogenesis of necrotrophs
this review seeks to use characterized effectors to establish potential role of IDR binding sites in mediating effector–host protein interactions
surfaces of the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans are covered in mucins Phytophthora infestans
plant pathogens produce cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as polygalacturonase and pectin lyase
∆Fo18438 mutants were capable of infecting and reducing soybean germination Glycine max
fungi infect different organs of monocotyledonous hosts
pathogen and host may target each other directly each other
high humidity induces expression of HrpL transcription factor (TF) in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000
(AFB1, ATGRH1, GRH1, AT4G03190) may act as extracellular effector Zea mays
Gliotoxin may play a role in facilitating growth and spread of fungi in host plant
Candidatus Phytoplasma hijack plant hosts
gain or loss of a single effector gene can determine infection success of an attacking pathogen
binding to glycosylinositol phosphorylceramide (GIPC) lipids causes cell death and disease Botrytis cinerea
air chamber tissue layer is prime location for pathogen proliferation Marchantia polymorpha
chitin binding domains (CBDs) of Af CDA6 contributed to pathogenicity function of Af CDA6 Aspergillus flavus
pelI mutation did not affect virulence in host plant Saintpaulia ionantha Saintpaulia ionantha
detoxification genes are critical for microbe's ability to invade the host
host microbiota compositions change during disease development
in silico prediction of secretomes has led to identification of virulence factors
reducing delivery of avirulence effectors allows bacteria to survive whilst maintaining important effectors in their genomes
single gene/locus in the host conditions sensitivity to an (ATHST, HST, PDS2, AT3G11945) and susceptibility to the pathogen
Fusicoccum ( Phomopsis ) amygdale is causal agent of peach and almond canker
F. oxysporum has virulence mechanisms elucidated in variety of crops, including soybean Glycine max
soft rot erwiniae are distinguished from Pseudomonas syringae
hemi-biotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora establishes digit and branched intracellular haustoria-like structures Marchantia polymorpha
necrotrophs feed on dead tissue
some effector proteins display selective antimicrobial activity to manipulate microbiota
Stagonospora nodorum secrete small unique proteins (effectors) Stagonospora nodorum
plastic and dynamic genomes typically encode several hundred candidate secreted effector proteins
microbial effectors promote disease
reprogrammed host cell metabolism and physiology aids host colonization
commensalism can go wrong and manifest into pathologies in specific hosts
SMEs performing as HSEs play a crucial role in virulence for pathogens
Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Citrus spp.
cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) contribute directly to virulence
Phytophthora palmivora occupies liverwort air chambers Marchantia polymorpha
Mo (CBP1, MEE14, AT2G15890) deletion did not influence pathogenicity on host plant Magnaporthe oryzae
3 extracellular proteases are predicted to constitute effectors Vitis vinifera; Plasmopara viticola
Plasmopara viticola develops haustorium
fungi have diverse pathogenic lifestyles
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight Oryza sativa; Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Crinkler (CRN) effectors were considered as class of cell death inducing effectors
fungal pathogens secrete effectors
Fg CDA5 is strongly expressed during pathogenesis Fusarium graminearum
bacterial pathogens establish pathogenic infections
gene-for-gene relationship initiates disease
plant pathogens are causal agents of rice blast
recessive xa5 could also function as susceptibility gene
oxalic acid is toxin with PCD-triggering activity
proteomic analysis during infections of rice with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) identified eight extracellular proteases Oryza sativa; Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
simplistic pathogenic mechanisms rely on lytic and degradative enzymes
hemi-biotrophic pathogens deploy effectors Phytophthora; Colletotrichum
Fusarium wilt of cotton is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum
plant fungal pathogens can be classified according to lifestyle
other effectors with subtle contributions are being identified necrotrophic pathogenesis
phytopathogenic oomycetes secrete virulence proteins (effectors)
Mo (AT-CDA1, CDA1, DESZ, AT2G19570) single-knockout mutant did not affect pathogenicity Magnaporthe oryzae
other SMEs have roles associated with pathogenesis unrelated to necrotic activity
effectors of the broad host range fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum exhibit degeneracy Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
multiple necrosis-inducing proteins act on diverse plant cell compartments Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
effectors work as coordinated system to optimize pathogenesis and adaptation
Vd PDA2 knockout has no effect on virulence Verticillium dahliae
apoplast wash fluid from tomato dipped in Xanthomonas euvesicatoria contained seven extracellular proteases Solanum lycopersicum; Xanthomonas euvesicatoria
production of fusaric acid has been shown to correlate with virulence of F. oxysporum
cell wall degrading enzymes dominate pathogenesis of necrotrophs
individual knockouts for two candidate effectors produced wild-type symptoms on 12 cultivars Zymoseptoria tritici; Triticum aestivum
IDR binding regions in viral proteins and bacterial effectors hijack host cellular machinery
CDA domain of Af CDA6 did not seem responsible for pathogenicity function of Af CDA6 Aspergillus flavus
plant-triggered increases in protease expression have been observed for Xanthomonas strains Xanthomonas
Activity-Based Protein Profiling followed by mass spectrometry (ABPP-MS) on apoplastic fluids from pea roots infected by Aphanomyces euteiches revealed 35 extracellular microbial proteases Pisum sativum; Aphanomyces euteiches
VpPsbP overexpression enhances grapevine susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola
basal defense is one of suppression of host defenses
interaction of effectors with host proteins or other molecules contributes to pathogenesis
convergent targeting of plant proteins by effectors would imply that effectors manipulate conserved host proteins
biotrophic pathogens do not kill respective hosts
effector proteins with antimicrobial activities are secreted by plant pathogens
reduced turgor pressure in appressorium strongly decreases virulence Magnaporthe oryzae
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr) produces host-selective toxins (HSTs) Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
pathogenic fungi have evolved ways to penetrate endodermis
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) causes kiwifruit canker disease
(AFB1, ATGRH1, GRH1, AT4G03190) may have a role in maize pathogenesis Zea mays
Verticillium dahliae secretory effectors VdAve1 and VdAMP2 exhibited antimicrobial activity and manipulated microbiota to facilitate plant colonization
phytopathogen effectors are important for manipulating diverse land plant lineages mosses; liverworts; ferns; angiosperms
fungal pathogens have highly variable pools of effectors and pathogenicity-related genes
Sarocladium oryzae isolates differing in SME production were compared to healthy tissue
Fov PDA1 deletion has similar effects to Vd PDA1 deletion Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum; Verticillium dahliae
necrotrophic pathogens rapidly kill plant cells of infected tissue
psyllid yellows is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum Solanum lycopersicum
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 is causative agent for wildfire disease in tobacco Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605
parasite genomes are shaped to maximize pathogenic success according to different infection strategies
high cytokinin levels associate with plant disease symptoms (galls, tumors, knots, green islands)
fungal interactions might have pathogenic outcomes
pathogens deploy specialized and generic virulence strategies
certain pathogen-derived immune elicitors are enriched by virulence activities of necrotrophs
virulence activity involves induction of plant cell death Botrytis cinerea; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
microbiota compositions change during disease development
systemic spread of Xanthomonas and Clavibacter causes disease
shaping the plant microbial community allows producers to better establish themselves
necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi possess simplistic pathogenic mechanisms
local microbiota can impact outcome of interaction with hosts
SMEs performing as HSEs require corresponding molecular target, such as a resistance (R) gene product or susceptibility factor
targeted disruption of CFP gene results in greatly reduced virulence of the fungus to soybean Cercospora spp.; Glycine max
deletion of polygalacturonase (PG1, PGL2, AT1G60390) systematically reduced strains aggressiveness Botrytis cinerea
Physcomitrium tissues are susceptible to pathogen attack Physcomitrium
impaired fungal cell wall integrity and development leads as a consequence to impaired virulence Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
35 extracellular microbial proteases are active in apoplast Pisum sativum; Aphanomyces euteiches
plant pathogens deploy extracellular proteases during infection
gain of virulence mediated by T3E loss or mutation is observed
Albugo candida infection includes sporulation within spore-bearing pustules
Fusarium graminearum infects maize plant maize; Fusarium graminearum
structural and functional approaches will be essential to decipher effector mechanisms Ustilago maydis
Thaxtomin A (TXT) is determinant factor of Streptomyces (SPP, AT5G42390) pathogenicity Streptomyces spp
plant cell wall degrading enzymes are responsible for soft rot phenotype
plant necrotrophic pathogens secrete pPCD triggering toxins
cytokinin (CK) perception differs in infections by different phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi, nematodes and parasitic plants
combinatorial effects of effectors enhance disease susceptibility
F. oxysporum needs to interact with soybean holobiont Glycine max
bacterial effector proteins mediate defense suppression
Rhodococcus fascians causes leafy gall formation Rhodococcus fascians
fas operon is located on linear plasmids Rhodococcus fascians
substitutions of the (D14, AT3G03990) residue with alanine or valine in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 impaired ability to cause disease Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605
Crinkler (CRN) effectors is class of oomycete cytoplasmic/intracellular effectors
mutation of Um CDA3 had a strong phenotype in pathogenicity Ustilago maydis
effector protein RSP3 blocks antifungal activity of (AFP1, AT1G69260) Ustilago maydis; maize
pathogens are based on their requirement for nutrients being limited to specific substrates
accumulation of misfolded or damaged proteins can result in disease progression
T3 effector proteins (T3Es) create conditions favorable to disease
ICE excision occurring more frequently in resistant bean hosts lowers expression to allow bacterial survival Pseudomonas syringae
expression profiles of distinct proteases of Ustilago maydis correlates to infection of Ustilago maydis in corn Ustilago maydis
pathogen extracellular proteases are present in apoplast
functional redundancy might explain lack of virulence compromise in snp1 deletion mutant Stagonospora nodorum
impaired delivery of effectors into host cells results in attenuated virulence Ustilago maydis
soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is important pathogen of soybean Heterodera glycines
FOXG_18438 (Fo18438) was dispensable for pathogenicity on soybean Glycine max
sulfenylation contributes to pathogen virulence mechanisms
effector–host relationships show conservation and convergence across diverse plant lineages liverworts; angiosperms; lycophytes; ferns
biotrophs feed on living tissue
modular polyketide synthases likely acquired from bacteria are required for a broadened host range
Syndrome basses richesses (SBR) is caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma solani
cytokinin mix is main virulence factor of R. fascians strain D188 Rhodococcus fascians
cyclophilins have been reported to play important role in pathogenesis by suppressing host cell's immune response
effectors facilitate interactions between biotic stressors and plants
individual bacteria in polymicrobial disease complexes do not cause disease
oxalic acid is from necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
terrein has dual functions in virulence and response to specific stressors
intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are directly involved in oomycete effector activities such as escaping host recognition
some effector proteins target antagonistic niche competitors
Mo CDA6 is highly expressed during invasive hyphal growth in planta Magnaporthe oryzae
cytokinins (CKs) are virulence factor
breakdown of post-invasion resistance permits macrocolonization of E. pisi Arabidopsis thaliana
polygalacturonase (PG) from necrotrophic fungal pathogens is implicated as virulence factor
some microbial pathogens cause infection
endo-polygalacturonases (endo-PGs) and exo-polygalacturonases (exo-PGs) have different expression levels under pathogenic conditions
necrotrophic pathogens can utilize dead tissue
pathogen exploitation of hormone signaling pathways promotes disease
plant hormones (auxin, gibberellic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, cytokinin) contribute to virulence
cytoplasmic effectors action in moss has not yet been described moss Physcomitrella patens
broad-host range pathogens modulate liverwort, angiosperm, and perhaps even lycophyte/fern susceptibility liverworts; angiosperms; lycophytes; ferns
host-mediated programmed cell death allows pathogen to cause disease
large-scale reprograming of the smRNome occurs in pathogenic interactions
deletion of Um CDA7 had the strongest effect on virulence Ustilago maydis
Ustilago maydis secretes effector protein RSP3 Ustilago maydis
proteases that are present and active in context of disease are prime candidates for virulence factors
heterologous expression is observed in bacterial communities
numerous laboratories are determining enzymatic functions of pathogen effectors and their host targets
haustorium secretes and delivers effectors, including RXLR31154
F. oxysporum genes impact soybean microbiota Glycine max
viroid RNAs are infectious agents
small unique proteins (effectors) are internalised by host cells
conserved host proteins promote disease progression land plants
necrotrophic effectors (NEs) modulate host response
interference with stability and function of flagellin causes detrimental impact on plant colonisation
SnTox1 interacts directly with Snn1 Parastagonospora nodorum; Triticum aestivum
air chambers are architectural vulnerability in thalloid liverworts Marchantia polymorpha
proteomics on apoplastic fluid of grapevine infected with Plasmopara viticola identified 3 extracellular proteases Vitis vinifera; Plasmopara viticola
heterologous expression in bacterial communities allows phenotypically different subpopulations to emerge
plant pathogenic bacteria can secrete specific virulence factors
programmed cell death (PCD) in (ATBAK1, ATSERK3, BAK1, ELG, RKS10, SERK3, AT4G33430) plants is triggered after infection with virulent, necrotizing pathogens
nonadapted P. syringae pv phaseolicola strains provided with AvrPtoB exhibit increased virulence in Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana
elicitors include necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)
elicitors include elicitins
specific virulence factors effectively re-open stomata
breakdown of post-invasion resistance permits microcolonization of Bgh Arabidopsis thaliana
Thaxtomin A (TXT) is produced by plant-pathogenic Streptomyces species Streptomyces scabies
necrotrophic pathogens benefit from host cell death
individual strains were not pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae
phytopathogens secrete elicitors
Bacterial speck is caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) Solanum lycopersicum
viruses, bacteria, and fungi display distinct strategies for infection and colonization
R. fascians strain D188 infection on wild-type Arabidopsis plants was compared with phenotype provoked on four max and (AtBRC1, ATTCP18, BRC1, TCP18, AT3G18550) mutants Arabidopsis thaliana
induction of otherwise developmentally regulated host genes results in disease susceptibility Oryza sativa
two fungal pathogens of maize cause severe diseases during flowering time Zea mays
cell wall is one of main targets of Thaxtomin A (TXT)
host development manipulation suppresses defence
mutation within TXT biosynthesis genes rendered Streptomyces scabies strain non-pathogenic Streptomyces scabies
decoys do not contribute to pathogen fitness in the absence of its cognate R-protein in plant
coronatine (COR) is produced by Pseudomonas syringae Solanum lycopersicum
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) produces coronatine (COR) Solanum lycopersicum
HopF1e did not alter virulence when knocked out individually in (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
Colletotrichum graminicola uses multistage hemibiotrophic strategy for host infection Zea mays
deubiquitinating enzyme have important roles in regulating virulence
avirulence gene AvrPm1a encodes pathogen-derived effector protein AvrPm1a Blumeria graminis
resistance alleles at dominant S-gene loci deprive pathogen of a factor that enhances its pathogenesis
EPC KO mutants were attenuated in appressorium-mediated epidermal cell invasion Colletotrichum orbiculare
higher expression of the EPC genes on cucumber than on N. benthamiana partially explains cucurbit host-specific requirement of EPCs for fungal virulence Colletotrichum orbiculare
Avr3D1 3D1 did not result in changes in virulence compared to 3D1∆ avr3D1 Zymoseptoria tritici
Avr3D1 recognition occurs at early stages of infection, before or during stomata penetration Triticum aestivum; Zymoseptoria tritici
appressoria melanization and turgor pressure enable the fungus to mechanically breach host surface
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) orthologues from Sporisorium reilianum and Ustilago hordei could fully restore virulence phenotype of (ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) deletion mutant Ustilago maydis
ΔhopAZ1a mutant strain shows reduced (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 growth in planta Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
knocking out hopS2b, hopAZ1a, and xEEL in addition to ΔCEL did not show disease progression differences from symptomless ΔCEL-infected 'Hort16A' plants Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
wheat gene (AtTudor1, TSN1, Tudor1, AT5G07350) confers susceptibility to host selective toxins produced by P. nodorum Triticum aestivum
Δ Mophzf/MoPHZF E77D strain with PCA treatment showed diseased lesion area increased to 11.14% Magnaporthe oryzae; Oryza sativa
Fusarium graminearum fgrdrp4 knock-out strain exhibited decreased pathogenicity on inoculated wheat Fusarium graminearum
filaments penetrate plant cuticle
(ATBARD1, BARD1, ROW1, AT1G04020) induction occurs alongside appressoria formation Ustilago maydis
PpE18-expressing transformants exhibited higher disease degrees compared with control Flag-GFP-expressing seedlings Arabidopsis thaliana
disease assays that bypass hydathodes do not examine initial hydathode colonization
taa1-1 tar2-1 mutants symptom onset was severely compromised in symptom onset
coronatine (COR) is indispensable to ensure total virulence of the bacteria in plant cells Solanum lycopersicum
ΔhopA1a / ΔhopE1a double mutant strain did not show increased virulence in 'Hort16A' plants compared with WT Pfm LV-5 or (PDE329, PSA3, AT3G55250) V-13 Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis
N-glycosylation is essential for plant infection by plant pathogenic fungi
constitution and dynamics of ARs could influence pathogenicity Fusarium oxysporum
ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (UBP15, AT1G17110) controls virulence Fusarium graminearum
dark appressoria require cell wall melanization
appressorium wall remodeling is necessary for appressorium formation and progression Ustilago maydis
(ATHST, HST, PDS2, AT3G11945) produced by C. heterostrophus may subvert primary disease resistance role of ChSK1
fungal genomes encode suites of hundreds of diverse candidate effector genes
effector-like small secreted proteins are delivered to biotrophic interface located at appressorial penetration pores and around the primary invasion hyphae Colletotrichum orbiculare