| RAM2 transcript levels |
are significantly reduced in |
ir (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) lines compared with EV plants |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| malic enzyme |
provides carbon for |
fatty acid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Glycine max |
| diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (DGAT) |
modulation of increases |
lipid production |
|
| STUNTED ARBUSCULE 1 (STR1) |
is induced by |
AMF |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| carbon from glutamine |
contributes to |
fatty acid biosynthesis |
Brassica napus; Thlaspi arvense |
| C18 fatty acid |
is mostly found at sn-2 position if origin is |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
| Required for Arbuscular Mycorrhization 2 (RAM2) |
is induced by |
AMF |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| pyruvate and NADPH |
feed into |
fatty acid biosynthesis |
Glycine max |
| PC in ptATS2a mutant |
shows significant decrease in |
molecular species with 20:5 at sn-1 position and C16/C20/C22 FA at sn-2 position |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| AMF-induced lipid biosynthesis in ir (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) plants |
is impaired in |
ir (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) plants |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| l-glycerol-3-phosphate |
was significantly higher in |
Posidonia australis leaves kept under 'Combined' and/or 'Shade' treatment |
Posidonia australis |
| ptATS2b mutant |
shows significant decrease in |
20:5/16:3 form in MGDG and 20:5/16:2 form in DGDG in N-replete condition |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| TAG molecular species in ptATS2a mutant |
show altered |
molecular composition |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| (ATMST1, ATRDH1, MST1, ST1, STR1, AT1G79230) transcript levels |
are significantly reduced in |
ir (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) lines compared with EV plants |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| cytoplasmatic lipid droplets (CLDs) |
contains similar composition of total fatty acids to |
plastoglobuli rich in β-carotene (βC-plastoglobuli) |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| AtME4 transgenic lines |
increases |
total lipid fraction in mature seeds |
Glycine max |
| increased levels of pyruvate and reduction in malate |
suggested that enhancing supplies of |
central intermediates can lead to a measured increase in lipid |
Glycine max |
| CLD (cytoplasmatic lipid droplet) |
have similar |
TAG (triglyceride) molecular species |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| TAG (triglyceride) in CLD (cytoplasmatic lipid droplet) |
have similar |
TAG (triglyceride) molecular species |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| 16:0 fatty acids |
have higher content particularly at |
sn1+3 position |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| AMF induction of lipids (DAG 32:1, DAG 32:2, TAG 48:1, TAG 48:2, TAG 48:3) |
is abolished in |
roots of ir CCaMK plants |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| AMF induction of lipids (DAG 32:1, DAG 32:2, TAG 48:1, TAG 48:2, TAG 48:3) |
is substantially truncated in |
roots of ir (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) plants |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| malic enzyme isoforms |
are crucial to |
oilseed metabolism |
|
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) from diatoms |
differs from |
substrate specificity of LPAATs in most land plants |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| ptATS2a mutant |
accumulates less TAGs than |
ptATS2b mutant under low CO2 |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| βC-plastoglobuli (plastoglobuli rich in β-carotene) |
have similar |
TAG (triglyceride) molecular species |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) |
can be |
precursor for both phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and triacylglycerol (TAG) production in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (CER9, SUD1, AT4G34100) locus |
plays important roles in |
cuticle and wax synthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PD1a seeds |
contained |
average of 6.12 ± 0.03 μg TAG seed−1 at 0 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| increased flux into fatty acid biosynthesis |
increases |
oil accumulation |
Glycine max |
| ptATS2a mutant |
significantly reduces |
nonpolar lipid and TAG accumulation under low CO2 |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| addition of head group to Diacylglycerol (DAG) |
converts into |
polar lipids |
|
| TAG (triglyceride) sn-2 fatty acid composition |
was reported previously for |
chloroplast-associated TAG (triglyceride) |
Dunaliella salina |
| soybean events carrying transgenic alleles |
were examined for effects on |
oil production |
Glycine max |
| heterologous expression of ptATS2a |
fully restores |
cell growth at elevated temperature |
Escherichia coli |
| DAG level in ptATS2a mutant |
decreased from |
0.71% to 0.51% of total lipids in N-replete condition |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| 14:0/16:1 DAG backbone in ptATS2a mutant |
coincides with similar changes in |
DAG backbone in MGDG, DGDG and SQDG |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| two pathways for glycoglycerolipid synthesis |
are |
prokaryotic pathway of chloroplast and eukaryotic pathway that involves phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesis in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
| Arabidopsis line (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) |
accumulates |
hydroxylated fatty acids (HFA) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| HFA in DG2 and PD1a lines |
dropped below |
detection limit by 3 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DG2 and PD1a lines |
did not recover |
PC levels to (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) value |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| partial failure of FA synthesis |
could explain |
presence of HFA and low level of PC |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| plastid-localized LPAATs |
could produce |
metabolic pools of phosphatidic acid (PA) |
|
| addition of head group to Diacylglycerol (DAG) |
converts into |
galactolipid |
|
| U-13C5-glutamine |
results in labeling of |
fatty acids |
Glycine max |
| MGDG and DGDG in ptATS2a mutant |
show significant decrease in |
molecular species containing 20:5/16:3 and 20:5/16:4 |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| malic enzyme subcellular location |
is crucial to |
oilseed metabolism |
|
| lipids |
are principally derived from |
one or two precursors |
|
| cytoplasmatic TAG (triglyceride) fatty acid composition |
differs from |
chloroplast membrane lipid composition |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| enhancing supplies of central intermediates |
can lead to a measured increase in lipid in soybeans |
lipid content |
Glycine max |
| βC-plastoglobuli (plastoglobuli rich in β-carotene) |
have similar |
fatty acid composition |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| formation of two lipid bodies in Dunaliella bardawil |
involves |
hydrolysis of membrane lipids |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| FatM transcript levels |
are significantly reduced in |
ir (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) lines compared with EV plants |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| root lipid composition between plants with EV or ir (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) background in same pots |
show no differences in |
plants grown in competition in same pots |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| 16:3 plants |
contain |
prokaryotic MGDG (18:3/16:3) |
angiosperms |
| malic enzyme enhanced outside of the chloroplast |
is enhanced outside of |
chloroplast |
Glycine max |
| ptATS2b mutant |
markedly reduces |
nonpolar lipid and TAG content in static cultures |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| genes of fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis pathways |
are enriched in |
853 AMF-induced genes requiring (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| fatty acid synthesis |
may provide some flexibility for |
increased oil content in soybean |
Glycine max |
| HFA proportions in chloroplast lipids of (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) |
began to decline over time but persisted at |
detectable levels throughout 4-d time course |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| coexpression of castor (AtDGAT2, DGAT2, AT3G51520) acyltransferase |
largely restores |
levels of MGDG and DGDG to that of (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) seedlings |
show dramatically lower |
total PC |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) seeds |
contained |
average of 8.16 ± 0.19 μg TAG seed−1 at 0 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) seeds |
contained |
average of 4.19 ± 0.03 μg TAG seed−1 at 0 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DIS transcript levels |
are significantly reduced in |
ir (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) lines compared with EV plants |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| AMF-specific lipid biosynthesis |
is essential for |
fungal growth |
Nicotiana attenuata; Rhizophagus irregularis |
| overexpression of NADPH-producing malic enzyme (ME) in plastid |
would increase |
flux into fatty acids |
Glycine max |
| plastoglobuli rich in β-carotene (βC-plastoglobuli) |
contains increased amount of |
palmitic acid (PA) |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| TAG (triglyceride) sn-2 fatty acids |
are mixture of |
16C and 18C fatty acids |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| TAG (triglyceride) sn-2 fatty acids |
indicate |
chloroplast origin of TAG (triglyceride) |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| formation of two lipid bodies in Dunaliella bardawil |
involves |
de novo synthesis |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| acyl transferase activity |
had very similar global pattern of gene regulation for |
CTR + CO vs CTR comparison at 10 dpi and MYC vs CTR comparison at 10 dpi |
|
| elimination of BjPCs |
leads to redirection of metabolic flux from |
xanthophyll ester biosynthesis to lipid biosynthesis |
Brassica juncea |
| altered amino and fatty acid levels |
resulted in increase in |
lipids |
Glycine max |
| malic enzyme activity |
is directly correlated with |
lipid levels |
|
| ptATS2a |
is |
putative LPAAT |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| heterologous expression of ptATS2b |
fully restores |
cell growth at elevated temperature |
Escherichia coli |
| ptATS2b mutant |
significantly reduces |
nonpolar lipid and TAG accumulation under low CO2 |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
shows |
18C bias in fatty acid composition |
Dunaliella |
| CLD (cytoplasmatic lipid droplet) polar lipids |
most probably originate in |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| 36:x sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) species |
are synthesized from |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived secondary diacylglycerol (DAG) pool in chloroplast |
|
| ricinoleic acid |
constitutes |
90% of total oil in castor seeds |
Ricinus communis |
| DG2 seedlings |
show significantly higher |
DGDG than (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) at 4 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DG2 seedlings |
show significantly higher |
total PC than (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PD1a seedlings |
show FA synthesis of |
420 ± 22.59 dpm seedling−1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DG2 and PD1a |
had significantly higher PC synthesis during the time course, increasing at 4 DAS by 42% and 46% respectively |
phosphatidylcholine synthesis |
|
| (BADC1, BLP3, AT3G56130) (BADC3, BLP2, AT3G15690) double mutant seeds |
contain 15% to 20% higher total fatty acids (TFAs) and triacylglycerol (TAG) than |
wild-type seeds |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| oleic acid |
is esterified to |
sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine |
Ricinus communis |
| PC in (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) |
still contained |
1.44% ± 0.3% HFA even at 4 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| cerulenin |
inhibits |
fatty acid synthesis |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| unsaturated fatty acids (FA) of eukaryotic pathway |
are enriched in |
Arabidopsis crown gall tumors |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| HFA accumulation at 31% of total oil |
is still less than |
expected requirement for commercial exploitation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DGDG-containing HFA in (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) |
increased from |
0.51% ± 0.07% to 1.75% ± 0.06% |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) seedlings |
show FA synthesis rate of |
112.11 ± 21.56 dpm seedling−1 at 1 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| higher phospholipid levels |
is consistent with |
HpNMT2 transcripts more abundant in young than in mature leaves |
Hakea prostrata |
| mixed acyl chain configurations in 34:x lipid species |
makes it hard to determine |
their precise origin |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| acyl-CoA |
is incorporated into |
glycerol backbone of triacylglycerols (TAGs) |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| MGDG and DGDG |
combine to form |
74% of chloroplast lipid |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| depletion of dioxygen |
limits |
membrane lipids synthesis |
|
| RcFAH12 expression in Arabidopsis seeds |
produces |
mixture of 18- and 20-carbon HFA |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DG2 seedlings |
show FA synthesis of |
419.17 ± 19.74 dpm seedling−1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| B. napus lipid biosynthesis |
shows |
mainly constitutive role of carbon |
Brassica napus |
| ER membrane extensions |
seem to play role in |
lipid trafficking during biosynthesis of membranes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) |
are esterified in |
various lipids |
|
| plants and algae |
synthesize |
digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) |
|
| Arabidopsis crown gall tumor |
shows lipid profile similarity to |
heterotrophic tissues |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATMYB30, MYB30, AT3G28910) |
has a major role in regulating |
genes involved in lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| unsaturated fatty acids (FA) of endoplasmic reticulum-derived phospholipid class |
overall level higher in |
galls of Quercus palustris and Solidago altissima |
Quercus palustris; Solidago altissima |
| MGDG and DGDG in (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) |
retain measurable |
HFA at 4 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) seedlings |
accumulated |
total of 306.62 ± 20.99 ng seedling−1 PC |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 18:3 levels |
are elevated in |
crown galls |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| expression of yeast lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) genes (SLC1 and SLC1-1) |
resulted in increased |
triacylglycerol (TAG) levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Brassica napus |
| biochemical understanding of pathways of lipid synthesis in nonmodel species |
has improved |
exploration of biotechnological options for producing modified FA in temperate crops |
|
| phosphatidylcholine (PC) |
is examined in |
experimental lines |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| cutin-like barrier root polymer |
competes with |
suberin for common pool of fatty acid precursors |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| synthesis of TAG from PC-derived DAG |
is |
one of three mechanisms for TAG synthesis |
Jatropha curcas |
| cyclopropane fatty acid (CPA) from CoA pool |
must become esterified to |
lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to form phosphatidic acid (PA) with cyclopropane fatty acid (CPA) at sn-2 position |
|
| Glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) |
are |
major sphingolipids in the plant plasma membrane |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| use of castor enzymes to increase flux of HFA into TAG |
decreases |
contamination of polar lipid fractions by HFA |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| reduced FA synthesis |
decreasing the expansion of |
PC |
|
| lipids of extraplastidic membranes |
are produced by |
eukaryotic pathway |
|
| HFA in chloroplast lipids |
declined rapidly in |
DG2 and PD1a lines |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthesis by type A MGDG synthase (EMB2797, MGD1, MGDA, UGT81A1, AT4G31780) in chloroplast |
is rate-limiting step in |
pathway |
Hakea prostrata |
| Ricinus communis |
is source of |
acyltransferase enzymes |
Ricinus communis |
| (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) parent line |
does not accumulate |
hydroxylated fatty acids (HFA) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| GlcN(Ac) containing GIPCs |
are |
major GIPC subgroup in vegetative tissue |
Oryza sativa |
| CL37:RcPDA1A line (PD1a) |
coexpresses |
PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1A (RcPDAT1A) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| expression of rapeseed microsomal lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) |
resulted in increased |
triacylglycerol (TAG) levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Brassica napus |
| coexpression of acyltransferase genes in lines with reduced expression of orthologous Arabidopsis genes |
produces additional increase in |
proportion of HFA incorporated into TAG, reaching maximum accumulation of 31% of total oil |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| modified fatty acids |
are found in |
oils of certain plants |
|
| eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis pathway |
is dominating in |
heterotrophic tissues |
|
| PD1a line |
coexpresses |
castor acyltransferases and RcFAH12 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) seeds |
contained HFA-TAG of |
0.73 ± 0.02 μg seed−1 at 0 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DG2 and PD1a seedlings |
are not equivalent to |
(FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) in DGDG levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) seedlings |
show less |
total MGDG than (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) at 4 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| HFA levels in PC of (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) |
were significantly higher than |
those of DG2 and PD1a lines |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DG2 line |
coexpresses |
castor acyltransferases and RcFAH12 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| addition of third acyl chain to Diacylglycerol (DAG) |
forms |
triacylglycerol (TAG) |
|
| cytoplasmatic lipid droplets (CLDs) |
contains similar composition of triglyceride (TAG) molecular species to |
plastoglobuli rich in β-carotene (βC-plastoglobuli) |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) |
is examined in |
experimental lines |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (BADC1, BLP3, AT3G56130) (BADC3, BLP2, AT3G15690) double mutant |
produces seeds containing higher |
triacylglycerol (TAG) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| suberin |
shares common precursors with |
cutin |
|
| labeled DAG species |
act as precursors to |
de novo synthesized PC labeled species |
Jatropha curcas |
| glycerolipids of prokaryotic pathway |
appear reduced in |
Arabidopsis crown gall tumors |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CL7:RcDGAT2 line (DG2) |
coexpresses |
ACYL-COA:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE2 (RcDGAT2) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DG2 seeds |
contained HFA-TAG of |
1.77 ± 0.11 μg seed−1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| central metabolism |
produces |
fatty acids |
|
| 14:0/16:1 DAG form in ptATS2a mutant |
shows decrease of |
46% in N-deprived condition |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| Loss of ZmMs33 / ZmGPAT6 function |
inhibits |
biosynthesis of glycolipids and phospholipids |
Zea mays |
| defects of lipid metabolism in ER of tapetum |
by impairing |
membrane lipid biosynthesis of En chloroplasts in ms33-6038 anthers |
Zea mays |
| proportion of ALA in TAG sn-2 position |
suggests that ALA esterifies into TAG but not specifically in |
sn-2 position |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CsLPAT2 overexpression |
increases |
number of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) skeletons |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 16:0 fatty acids |
have higher content in |
βC-plastoglobuli (plastoglobuli rich in β-carotene) |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) seedlings |
show MGDG increase from |
25.69 ± 0.86 to 277.15 ± 14.07 ng seedling−1 at 4 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DG2 seedlings |
have MGDG content similar to |
(FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) at 4 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| total membrane fatty acid content |
is only around 20% of |
fatty acid TAG (triglyceride) content |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| decrease in galactolipid concentrations in young and mature leaves with inorganic phosphate (Pi) supply |
could be attributed to |
phosphorus (P)-dependent 4- to 5-fold decreases in transcripts encoding putative Hakea prostrata orthologs of phosphodiesterase (AtGDPD1, GDPD1, SRG3, AT3G02040) and type B monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase (ATMGD3, MGD3, MGDC, AT2G11810) |
Hakea prostrata |
| bottleneck in conversion of cyclopropane fatty acid (CPA) to triacylglycerol (TAG) |
results from |
high levels of cyclopropane fatty acid (CPA) in membrane lipids |
|
| AGPase |
participates in |
lipid accumulation |
Brassica napus |
| Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) |
is involved in |
biosynthesis of hydroxylated fatty acids |
|
| TAG species |
could be derived from |
non-labeled DAG by attaching labeled FA to sn-3 position |
Jatropha curcas |
| metabolic network of Jatropha curcas |
was used to identify |
potential targets for increasing lipid biosynthesis at little cost to biomass production |
Jatropha curcas |
| synthesis of TAG from PC-derived DAG |
involves participation of |
acyl-CoA as acyl donor |
Jatropha curcas |
| positively selected sites within (ATPDAT, PDAT, PDAT1, AT5G13640) sequences |
have critical roles in |
(ATPDAT, PDAT, PDAT1, AT5G13640) function |
|
| lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) |
is known as |
valuable acyltransferase that exhibits various abundant substrate preferences in different species |
|
| GlcDG |
was detected in |
oxPAP cells |
Synechocystis |
| increased cellular PAP activity |
presumably caused |
enhanced biosynthesis of GlcDG |
Synechocystis |
| pathways and pathway networks identified in this study |
provide opportunity to precisely and efficiently manipulate |
high-oil maize genetic improvement |
Zea mays mays |
| glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) |
participate in |
biosynthesis of membrane lipids |
|
| peroxiredoxin Q (ATPRX Q, PRXQ, AT3G26060) |
is associated with |
thylakoids |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| gene coding for (ATPDAT, PDAT, PDAT1, AT5G13640) |
has been reported to be expressed in |
Jatropha seeds at certain developmental stages |
Jatropha curcas |
| lipid body formation (LBF) reaction |
was |
target reaction of particular interest |
Jatropha curcas |
| route of PC re-synthesis via lysophosphatidylcholine |
does not require |
activation of choline to CDP-choline |
Jatropha curcas |
| networks of transcription factors |
may cooperate to affect |
oil accumulation |
|
| CO2 supplementation |
might enhance |
synthesis of glycolipids |
Synechocystis |
| SQDG |
increases |
metabolic flow from PA to glycolipids |
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 |
| transgenic plant sources |
produce |
omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids |
|
| total DAG pool |
could be divided into |
sub-pools |
Jatropha curcas |
| glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) |
participate in |
biosynthesis of extracellular lipid polyesters |
|
| activity of (ATPDAT, PDAT, PDAT1, AT5G13640) alone |
is not enough to justify |
all labeled TAG species detected |
Jatropha curcas |
| phospholipase C (PLC) |
cleaves |
choline moiety from PC |
Jatropha curcas |
| GO pathway of DEGs |
showed that membrane lipid biosynthetic, phospholipid metabolic process and transport pathway were enriched in |
CsLPAT2-OE lines |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CsFAD3 overexpression |
suppressed transcription of |
glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| export of acyl groups from plastids |
is required for |
seed oil biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Kennedy pathway |
is not |
only route for TAG synthesis in this species |
Jatropha curcas |
| genes with loss of regulation in coi1-16 during K re-supply |
include |
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase (ATMGD3, MGD3, MGDC, AT2G11810) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| increased flux of acyl-lipids |
might fuel |
biosynthetic pathways of cuticular lipids |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| inactivity of first DAG sub-pool |
is due to |
partial inactivity of Kennedy pathway |
Jatropha curcas |
| activity of (ATPDAT, PDAT, PDAT1, AT5G13640) PLC and DGAT |
accounted for |
use of PC pools and PC-derived DAG for TAG synthesis |
Jatropha curcas |
| C16-ACP4 without (ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) interaction |
might be less available to |
LPAT |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| loss of ZmMs33 function |
impaired |
biosynthesis of major chloroplast membrane lipids (MGDG, DGDG, SQDG) |
Zea mays |
| in vitro lipid production system based on Jatropha curcas cell cultures |
can harness |
benefits of Jatropha curcas |
Jatropha curcas |
| fatty acid (FA) ratios |
determines |
final oil content |
Zea mays mays |
| newly synthesized fatty acids |
are exported and assembled into |
lipids at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
| sn-Glycerol-3-phosphate |
is |
one of the substrates of ZmMs33 required for lipid biosynthesis |
Zea mays |
| plant lipids |
provide |
essential fatty acids |
|
| Kennedy pathway |
describes |
glycerolipid assembly in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
Jatropha curcas |
| plastidial pathway |
is highly downregulated in |
guard cells |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
accumulates |
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| overexpression of acyl-ACP Δ9-desaturase gene |
could alter |
fatty acid composition and abundance of specific lipid classes |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| MGDG and SQDG in KO cells |
contain increased levels of |
C18 bound to sn-2 molecular species |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| plant oils |
contain |
arachidonic acid |
|
| PC-derived DAG |
is |
distinct pool that does not intermix with de novo DAG |
Glycine max |
| 215 down-regulated genes |
are associated with |
sterol biosynthetic process |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) |
has decreased amounts of |
MGDG and DGDG |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) seedlings |
show 1.8-fold less |
FA synthesis rate than (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| SXM visualization of subcellular C/N ratio distribution |
can be applied to |
oil production by microalgae |
|
| cti123 triple mutant |
looked normal and had |
no significant change in total leaf lipid content relative to wild type |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| cti mutants |
showed slight decreases in C16:3 and C18:3 and concomitant increases in |
C16:0, C16:1, C16:2, C18:1, and C18:2 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| formation of C16-ACP4 |
and subsequent channeling of C16-ACP4 substrate to |
lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ER pathway |
functions similarly in |
both cell types |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| increased sn-glycerol-3-phosphate in mutant anthers |
possibly illustrates |
phenomenon of the 'dammed lake' in living cells whereby loss of ZmMs33 enzyme function blocks effective consumption of its substrate |
Zea mays |
| at least three mechanisms |
can contribute to |
TAG synthesis in Jatropha cells |
Jatropha curcas |
| overexpression of CsLPAT2 |
leads to increased accumulation of ALA at |
sn-2 position of TAG |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| localization of (ACP4, AtACP4, AT4G25050) and ACCase at the stroma face of the inner envelope membrane |
promotes |
substrate channeling |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DAG acyl composition not fully reflecting membrane lipid composition |
does not indicate |
any substantial recycling of DAG moieties deriving from membrane glycerolipids |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| route of galactolipid formation |
was proposed according to |
labeling data for identified galactolipid species |
Jatropha curcas |
| fatty acid (FA) synthesis |
was significantly disturbed |
in developing seeds in CsFAD3-OE lines |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) mutant |
looked normal and had |
no significant change in total leaf lipid content relative to wild type |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| FAs synthesized in chloroplast in plants |
are transferred on to |
G3P by plastidial acyl-G3P acyltransferase (AtCLO1, ATPXG1, ATS1, CLO1, AT4G26740) |
plants |
| plants |
may generate |
specific lipid substrate pools |
|
| (ACP4, AtACP4, AT4G25050) mutant |
partially replicated |
some of the (ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) lipid phenotypes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| channeling of C16-ACP4 substrate to LPAT |
may facilitate |
plastid galactolipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Kennedy pathway |
is |
traditional pathway for TAG biosynthesis |
|
| many other tissues |
are capable of synthesizing |
triacylglycerols |
|
| membrane lipid compositions |
are determined by |
range of metabolic processes |
|
| polar lipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol |
are synthesized within plastids either from |
self-supplied (plastid-derived) precursors via the plastidial (or prokaryotic) pathway or from precursors synthesized in and imported from the ER via the ER (or eukaryotic) pathway |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| diacyldigalactosylglycerol (DGDG) |
accumulates more radiolabel than |
other polar lipids |
|
| asparagine in white lupine cotyledons fed with sucrose |
reduced |
radioactivity of the lipid fraction |
Lupinus albus |
| esterification by plastid LPAAT (ATS2, EMB1995, LPAT1, AT4G30580) |
leads to production of |
PA and DAG with C18 and C16 at position sn-1 and sn-2 respectively |
plants |
| C16 unsaturated FAs produced by chloroplast desaturases |
are found at |
sn-2 position of MGDG and DGDG lipids |
plants |
| increased C18 at sn-2 and increased forms (16:1/18:1; 20:5/18:1, 20:5/18:2) in KO cells |
suggests potential existence of |
eukaryotic pathway with recycling of diacyl precursors from phospholipid for galactolipid synthesis |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| eukaryotic pathway with recycling of diacyl precursors for galactolipid synthesis |
is described in |
higher plants and C. reinhardtii |
plants; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| other members of LACS family |
may compensate for |
(LACS9, AT1G77590) loss-of-function |
|
| phospholipase D along with phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) |
catalyze removal of PC head group to produce |
diacylglycerol (DAG) |
|
| (TOR, AT1G50030) signalling |
is crucial for |
lipid synthesis |
|
| (ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) direct interactions with (ACP4, AtACP4, AT4G25050) and (CTI1, AT1G42960) |
leads to new hypotheses |
about (ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) function in chloroplast lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) |
consist of |
inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) backbone linked to glucuronic acid (GlcA) |
|
| [1-14C]oleate |
is incorporated into |
Phosphatidate (PA) |
|
| phosphatidylcholine (PC) |
is rapidly and well labelled by |
[1-14C]linoleate |
|
| RnD6D |
may mainly contribute to |
accumulation of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and octadecatetraenoic acids (OTA) in seeds |
Ribes nigrum |
| (ACP4, AtACP4, AT4G25050) |
showed interaction with |
(ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| overexpression of sll0545 |
enhanced |
biosynthesis of GlcDG |
Synechocystis |
| acyl-ACP Δ9-desaturase overexpression |
resulted in significant increase of |
MGDG |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| PE, PC and DGTA |
serve as |
precursors for galactolipids in P. tricornutum |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| acyl-ACPs in eukaryotic pathway |
are hydrolyzed by |
FAT to produce free FAs |
plants |
| EPA in all analyzed chloroplast lipids of WT and mutant cells |
is exclusively found in |
sn-1 position |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| diclofop-methyl |
is inhibited by |
acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase |
|
| LEC1-like genes of castor bean |
are essential for |
lipid biosynthesis |
Ricinus communis |
| ER membrane glycerolipids with C18, C20 and C22 FA at sn-2 position |
indicates that |
either microsomal LPAAT has no selectivity for FA species or acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferase may be involved |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| increased C18 bound to sn-2 in MGDG and SQDG of KO cells |
is concomitant with increase in |
forms (16:1/18:1; 20:5/18:1, 20:5/18:2) in PE, PC and DGTA |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| Arabidopsis (NPC2, AT2G26870) and (NPC6, AT3G48610) |
are required for |
triacylglycerol (TAG) production |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| exploring the mechanisms by which (ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) affects the transfer of PA through the envelope membrane |
will allow us to gain |
deeper insights into chloroplast lipid assembly |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| another type of enzyme or reaction |
may activate |
fatty acids |
|
| >20-fold increase in specific signature 20:5/16:0 form in DAG of KO cells |
followed by similar increase in |
this form in thylakoid lipids |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| study of PAD gene and lipid metabolism |
provides insight into |
distinctive nature of lipid metabolism in marine diatom P. tricornutum |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| bryophytes |
produce high amounts of |
arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) |
|
| Δ8 Sphingolipid desaturase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| phospholipase C |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| phosphatidic acid (PA) |
is formed at |
chloroplast |
plants |
| PA biosensor |
is needed to establish |
cellular location of phosphatidic acid (PA) formation |
|
| diacylglycerol kinase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Golgi apparatus |
is responsible for synthesis of |
membrane lipids |
|
| genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, chain elongation, and lipid transfer |
highly up-regulated during |
early fibre development |
Gossypium hirsutum |
| triacylglycerols (TAGs) |
is synthesized via |
acyl-CoA-independent pathway |
|
| phosphatidic acid (PA) |
is produced in |
cell |
|
| plant very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs, fatty acids >C18) |
are important precursors of |
seed triacylglycerols |
|
| lipid phenotype in the (ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) mutants |
was caused by |
(ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) gene |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| fatty acid synthesis |
produces |
free fatty acids |
|
| glucose |
is main substrate for |
glycolipids |
Synechocystis |
| bryophytes |
produce lipids rarely seen in |
seed plants |
|
| Phosphatidylinositol synthase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| acyl-CoA oxidase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| TAG |
is synthesized in |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
| Golgi apparatus |
is responsible for synthesis of |
glycolipids |
|
| defective embryo development |
affected |
fatty acid composition |
Brassica napus |
| molar proportions of oleic acid (18:1 cis ∆9) |
were decreased by |
4.3–16.5% on relative basis in (ATGPAT4, GPAT4, AT1G01610) lines |
Brassica napus |
| (GNR1, NIA1, NR1, AT1G77760) mutant strain |
shows 1.5-fold increased total FA content compared to |
ammonium medium |
Chlamydomonas |
| increased sucrose from starch turnover |
triggers |
enhanced fatty acid synthesis and TAG assembly |
Triticum aestivum |
| root cells |
predominantly rely on |
ER pathway to supply glycolipids (MGDG and DGDG) for chloroplast development |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| EPA at sn-1 position and C16 at sn-2 position in chloroplast lipids |
confirms |
observation that prokaryotic pathway for synthesis of glycerolipids is dominant in heterokonts |
heterokonts |
| 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| high PEPC activity |
may be required for |
biosynthesis of membrane lipids during fibre elongation |
Gossypium hirsutum |
| metabolic engineering in microalgae |
shuffles carbon flux towards |
FA and TAG biosynthesis |
|
| impaired acetyl-CoA supply |
likely affected the flux of |
de novo-produced oleic acid (OA) onto sn-1 and sn-3 positions of triacylglycerol (TAG) |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| (GNR1, NIA1, NR1, AT1G77760) mutant strain |
shows strongest accumulation of |
triacylglycerols (TAGs) |
Chlamydomonas |
| Diacylglycerol synthase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Wax synthase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| oleosin |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ACP4, AtACP4, AT4G25050) and (CTI1, AT1G42960) |
have previously been shown to be involved in |
lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ACP4, AtACP4, AT4G25050) mutant |
was pale and had |
33% decrease in lipid content |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) protein interactome |
raises new questions about |
how (ATRBL10, ATRBL14, RBL10, RBL14, AT3G17611) affects chloroplast lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| membrane lipid remodeling |
increases |
PG production |
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 |
| de novo plastidial 16:0- and 18:0-ACPs in higher plants |
can enter |
two distinct routes of lipid synthesis, the prokaryotic or eukaryotic |
plants |
| allelic variation in genes involved in biosynthesis pathways |
is critical for determining |
final fatty acid (FA) content |
Zea mays mays |
| DGAT (diacylglycerol acyltransferase) |
may constrain |
carbon flux to lipid accumulation |
Brassica napus |
| increase in oil content under optimal field conditions |
was less than increase observed in |
greenhouse |
Brassica napus |
| pyruvate (Pyr) |
is required for |
vlcPFA synthesis |
|
| acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| two main classes of secondary metabolites |
are related to |
lipid production |
|
| genes for lipid biosynthesis |
are expressed in |
binucleate pollen |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| GT28 |
are |
lipid (diacylglycerol) galactosyltransferases |
|
| [1-14C]oleate |
is incorporated into |
diacylglycerol (DAG) |
|
| (ACP4, AtACP4, AT4G25050) mutant |
had reduced levels of C16:3 and increased levels of C18:3 in |
monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| majority of MAG formed during enzyme assay |
was |
sn-2 DCA-MAG |
Brassica napus |
| regulation of storage lipid metabolism |
is deemed to be distinct from |
regulation in oil-storing tissues of land plants |
|
| decreased gene expression of PDC2_E1α |
had deleterious effect on |
TAG and biomass accumulation |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| cpPDC |
underscores essential role of in acetyl-CoA supply under |
photoautotrophic conditions |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| de novo fatty acid synthesis |
depends on transcriptional activation of |
chloroplast pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (cpPDC) |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| bryophytes |
may be best suited to engineering of |
fatty acids |
|
| bryophytes |
are rich in |
very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (vlcPFAs) |
|
| genes for lipid biosynthesis |
are expressed in |
uninucleate microspores |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| [1-14C]linoleate |
is incorporated into |
all major lipids |
|
| phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) |
is well labelled by |
[1-14C]linoleate |
|
| lipid biosynthetic pathway |
divided into |
Block A and Block B |
|
| TDCA |
supported |
biochemical observations |
Brassica napus |
| white lupine cotyledons |
showed relationship of more radioactivity from C-1 only in organs fed with |
sucrose (+S) |
Lupinus albus |
| [1-14C]oleate |
is incorporated into |
phosphatidylinositol (PI) |
|
| [1-14C]oleate |
is incorporated into |
diacyldigalactosylglycerol (DGDG) |
|
| sucrose |
may be utilized for biosynthesis of |
lipids |
|
| NADPH |
could be used in |
biosynthesis of lipids for epicuticular wax production |
Vitis vinifera |
| (ATGPAT5, GPAT5, AT3G11430) and 7 |
only exhibited strong preference for |
sn-2 acylation without phosphatase activity |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtGPAT1–AtGPAT3 |
are located in |
mitochondria |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| three BnGPAT4 isoforms assayed with 16:0-CoA |
produced |
only LPA |
Brassica napus |
| numerous genes related to photosynthesis and lipid biosynthesis |
were upregulated in |
(GGP, VTC2, AT4G26850) at D14I |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Delta 6-desaturase (Δ6-desaturase) |
is encoded by |
a single gene in Anemone leveillei |
Anemone leveillei |
| fatty acids |
are incorporated into |
plastid glycerolipids |
|
| plant very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs, fatty acids >C18) |
are important precursors of |
suberins |
|
| blackcurrant seeds |
accumulates mainly |
octadecatetraenoic acid (OTA; C18:4 Δ 6,9,12,15) |
Ribes nigrum |
| Block B |
flux control decreased from 69% in non-transformed B. napus to 51% in transformant D1-2.20 |
flux control coefficient |
Brassica napus |
| [1-14C]linoleate |
shows pattern of incorporation into lipid classes |
similar to [1-14C]oleate |
|
| non-transformed B. napus (cv. Quantum) |
exhibited severely reduced |
seed oil content |
Brassica napus |
| acyl-ACP thioesterase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| increased availability of fatty acid (oleate) |
feedback reduces |
de novo fatty acid synthesis |
Brassica napus |
| plant very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs, fatty acids >C18) |
are important precursors of |
cuticular waxes |
|
| RnD6E |
has similar desaturase activity in |
yeast and Arabidopsis |
Ribes nigrum; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Arabidopsis thaliana |
| non-substituted acyl-CoA |
does not manifest |
phosphatase activity |
Brassica napus |
| seed oil contents of T2 generation (ATGPAT4, GPAT4, AT1G01610) seeds |
were significantly decreased by |
12.4–24.1% on relative basis compared with wild type |
Brassica napus |
| BnGPAT4 isoforms |
possess |
sn-2 acyltransferase activity |
Brassica napus |
| oleate |
is utilized for |
lipid assembly |
|
| supply of fatty acids |
exerts significant effect on |
total lipid assembly |
Brassica napus |
| overexpression of (ABX45, AS11, ATDGAT, AtDGAT1, DGAT1, RDS1, TAG1, AT2G19450) |
is most effective at enhancing |
oil accumulation under conditions where plant is unlikely to reach full physiological potential due to environmental stress |
Brassica napus |
| blackcurrant |
accumulates |
octadecatetraenoic acid (OTA; C18:4 Δ 6,9,12,15) |
Ribes nigrum |
| accumulation of reduced-carbon storage compounds |
occurs in |
oleaginous species |
|
| blackcurrant |
accumulates |
gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) |
Ribes nigrum |
| RnD6D |
encodes |
Delta 6-desaturase (Δ6-desaturase) |
Ribes nigrum |
| (ATGPAT1, GPAT1, sn-2-GPAT1, AT1G06520) |
has acyl substrate preference for |
mono behenoyl (22:0)-CoA and mono 22:0 α,ω-dicarboxylic acid (DCA)-CoA |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| cellular content of TAG in C. reinhardtii |
was drastically augmented by |
increasing acetate concentration in the nutrient medium |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| total cellular lipid level |
was measured by quantifying |
total fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) |
Chlamydomonas |
| molar proportions of linoleic acid (18:2 cis ∆9,12) and α-linolenic acid (18:3 cis ∆9,12,15) |
were increased to varying degrees in |
(ATGPAT4, GPAT4, AT1G01610) lines |
Brassica napus |
| excess photosynthate in double transgenics |
was converted to |
oil |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| TGS |
can be synthesized by |
de novo synthesis of fatty acids and incorporation into TGs through the Kennedy pathway |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| NADP-malic enzyme (ME) |
produces pyruvate from |
malate |
|
| long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase |
is |
major enzyme for lipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| lipidome of Physcomitrella patens protonema |
contains more diversity than |
Arabidopsis lipidome |
Physcomitrella patens; Arabidopsis thaliana |
| chromoplast |
has ability to |
synthesize fatty acids and polar lipids |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| change in flux control following overexpression of (ABX45, AS11, ATDGAT, AtDGAT1, DGAT1, RDS1, TAG1, AT2G19450) in oilseed rape |
quantified |
flux control coefficient |
Brassica napus |
| olive oil |
does not contain |
unusual fatty acids |
Olea europaea |
| flux through malic enzyme to oil synthesis |
appears to be marginal in |
Brassica napus oilseeds |
Brassica napus |
| Mycorrhizal acyl-ACP thioesterase (FatM) |
is induced by |
AMF |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| malic enzyme enhanced within the chloroplast |
is enhanced in |
chloroplast |
Glycine max |
| malic enzyme |
shuttles carbon to |
seed oil biosynthesis |
Glycine max |
| difference in acyl composition of lipids |
is substantially determined by |
distinct substrate specificities and functions of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases or acyl exchange enzymes in plastid and ER |
|
| tt7-4 mutant |
shows reduction in |
lipid polyester monomer amounts |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| longer chain acyl-ACPs, specifically C14 chain length |
increased at |
R6 stage relative to R5 for all plants |
Glycine max |
| PG in ptATS2a and ptATS2b mutants |
shows significant decrease in |
two major molecular species of 20:5/16:0 and 20:5/16:1 |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| ptATS2a mutant |
shows decrease in |
TAG species of 14:0/16:1/16:0, 16:0/16:0/16:0, 16:0/16:0/16:1, 16:1/16:1/16:0 and 16:1/16:1/16:1 |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| C18:3n3 (linolenic acid) content |
is significantly lower in |
kat2-1 seeds |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (KCS7, AT1G71160) (KCS15, AT3G52160) (KCS20, AT5G43760) (KCS21, AT5G49070) mutant |
is |
Arabidopsis thaliana mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (SQD2, AT5G01220) |
is involved in |
sulfolipid biosynthesis |
|
| WT |
accumulates TAGs accounting for |
56% of total lipids after N deprivation |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| DGTA in ptATS2a mutant |
shows decrease in |
multiple molecular species in N-deprived condition |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| mixed C16/C18 composition of TAG (triglyceride) sn-2 fatty acids |
differs from |
chloroplast polar lipid composition |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| (ATCCD1, ATNCED1, CCD1, NCED1, AT3G63520) silencing |
attenuates |
lipid biosynthesis in plants colonized by native AMF taxa |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| overexpression of malic enzyme (ME) |
increases |
seed oil content |
Glycine max |
| lipid production in seeds and leaves |
can be augmented by altering |
triacylglycerol assembly |
|
| query sequence |
used to search for |
LPAAT genes |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| over-expression of (AHB2, ARATH GLB2, ATGLB2, GLB2, HB2, NSHB2, PGB2, AT3G10520) specifically in developing seeds |
increases |
polyunsaturated fatty acids |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| fully saturated TAG, TAG-48:0 |
was produced in |
high-palmitic lines |
Camelina sativa |
| phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase |
is required for |
IP3 production |
|
| lipids synthesized through eukaryotic pathway |
feature |
18C fatty acids at the sn-2 position |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| levels of unsaturation of fatty acids in membrane lipids |
are controlled by |
AtCb5s |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis |
depends on transcriptional activation of |
chloroplast pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (cpPDC) |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| reduced expression of E1α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) |
is detrimental to |
storage lipid production |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| nit2.2 mutant strain |
displays slight decrease in |
C18:3 linolenic acid |
Chlamydomonas |
| TAG content of bio1.1 suc5.4 seeds at 0.1 mM biotin |
is only |
6% of wild-type levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| diacylglycerol (DAG) |
is used for |
phospholipid synthesis |
Craterostigma plantagineum |
| two different mutants |
showed increased level of |
prokaryotic 18:3/16:3 (34:6) MGDG species |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| phosphatidylglycerol (PG) |
is |
precursor of signaling lipids |
|
| Data mining in genomic and transcript databases |
revealed |
presence of genes encoding enzymes of lipid biosynthesis |
Rhizophagus irregularis |
| lpcat mutant |
contains one third of labels in |
phosphatidylcholine (PC) after 10 min [14C]-acetate feeding compared to wild-type (WT) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| F469 in maize (ABX45, AS11, ATDGAT, AtDGAT1, DGAT1, RDS1, TAG1, AT2G19450) |
is associated with |
enhanced TAG accumulation |
Zea mays |
| carboxyblumenol and hydroxyblumenol markers |
are highly and positively correlated with |
all lipids identified as specifically induced in AMF-colonized roots |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| apparently interdependent action of (DALL2, AT1G51440) and (ATLOX6, LOX6, AT1G67560) |
is |
main finding |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| GLABRA2 (GL2, AT1G79840) |
regulates |
seed oil content |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| TAG (triglyceride) sn-2 fatty acids |
are mostly |
16C fatty acids |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| lipid sector |
was highly regulated by |
AMF |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| single mutants of Phatr3_J11916 and Phatr3_J43099 |
are characterized for |
lipid-associated phenotypes |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| ptATS2a mutant |
does not change |
nonpolar lipid and TAG content in static cultures |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| BnGPAT4-C1 |
exhibited highest preference for |
16:0 DCA-CoA |
Brassica napus |
| chloroplast phosphatidylglycerol (PG) |
is exclusively of |
plastidic origin |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| kat2-1 seed oil |
is quite similar to |
wild-type seed oil |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| C. reinhardtii recombinant lines with decreased expression of PDC2_E1α |
were used in |
comparative study of the role of cpPDC in FA and TAG production |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| nit2.2 mutant strain |
shows slight increase in |
total FA content |
Chlamydomonas |
| NaNO3 in yellow and white lupine cotyledons fed with sucrose |
caused a decrease in |
radioactivity of the lipid fraction |
Lupinus luteus; Lupinus albus |
| light from the top integrated by supplementary lateral light (I2) |
increases |
seed oil |
Brassica carinata |
| (ATGPAT1, GPAT1, sn-2-GPAT1, AT1G06520) |
was shown to possess only |
sn-2 acyltransferase activity |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DCA-CoA-fuelled reactions |
proceeded at substantially higher rates than |
reactions using 16:0-CoA |
Brassica napus |
| genes with significantly altered expression patterns |
encode products with functions in |
lipid metabolism |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| involvement of cpPDC in the supply of acetyl-CoA for de novo FA synthesis in microalgae |
has no direct experimental evidence |
under conditions conducive to TAG accumulation such as nitrogen starvation |
|
| decreased proportion and content of 18:1 Δ9 in silenced lines |
seems to result from |
suppression of de novo fatty acid synthesis |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| nit2.2 mutant strain |
shows significant 3.5-fold increase in |
monounsaturated C16:1 (palmitoleic acid) |
Chlamydomonas |
| sucrose |
is |
one of substrates for oil metabolism via Kennedy pathway for TAG assembly |
|
| LACS variants |
can be used for |
metabolic engineering of lipid biosynthesis |
|
| different molecular species compositions of PI versus PE and PC |
might be explained by |
different precursor pools |
|
| phosphatidylinositol (PI) |
is |
precursor of signaling lipids |
|
| active (AtFaTA, FaTA, FATA1, AT3G25110) thioesterases |
did not alter |
total lipid content |
Nicotiana tabacum |
| D258E mutant Ea DAcT |
does not possess |
ability to synthesize lcTAG |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| sink furnished by TAG biosynthesis |
was less impaired in |
TAP-grown cells |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| yeast cells containing GFP-RnD6C/D/E |
accumulated similar level of |
gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| BnGPAT4 isoforms |
exhibited |
sn-2 acyltransferase and phosphatase activities |
Brassica napus |
| diacylglycerol precursors of chloroplast origin |
have characteristic arrangement of C16 and C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids at |
sn-2 and sn-1 positions of glycerol moiety |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| fatty acid composition |
is similar in |
most NR-deficient strains compared with wild-type |
Chlamydomonas |
| polar lipid |
is rapidly synthesized during |
early seedling development |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| cerulenin |
blocks |
fatty acid synthesis (FAS) |
Chlamydomonas |
| RNAi silencing approach under the direction of a napin promoter |
resulted in |
altered fatty acid composition |
Brassica napus |
| nit2.2 mutant strain |
shows slightly decreased proportion of |
polyunsaturated C18:3 (linolenic acid) |
Chlamydomonas |
| total cellular fatty acid (FA) content |
remained unchanged under both nitrogen regimes in |
nia1nit2 double mutant strain |
Chlamydomonas |
| polar lipid composition |
suggests |
origins of polar lipid monolayers of lipid droplets are different |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| ricinoleic acid |
is produced in |
seed endosperm of castor |
Ricinus communis |
| (cL37, PSRP5, AT3G56910) seedlings |
show 2.6-fold reduction in |
total PC compared to (FAE1, KCS18, AT4G34520) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| embryos detached from their mother plant |
should be considered |
since the lipid precursor flux is thus modified |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| supply of reductants |
severely affects |
accumulation of lipids |
|
| homozygous cds1cds2 double mutant |
was found to be |
seedling lethal |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| defect in PI biosynthesis |
is likely decisive in causing |
seedling lethal phenotype of cds1cds2 mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PA |
serves as |
central intermediate in glycerolipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DGAT enzymes |
synthesize |
triacylglycerol (TAG) |
|
| BnaDGAT1-I447F or BnaDGAT1-L441P |
significantly increased |
TAG content in N. benthamiana leaves |
Nicotiana benthamiana |
| Δ9 elongase gene IgASE1 |
is from |
Isochrysis galbana |
Isochrysis galbana |
| acylation with DCA-CoA |
was required to activate |
phosphatase activity of (ATGPAT4, GPAT4, AT1G01610) isoforms |
Brassica napus |
| oleaginous photosynthetic microalgae |
produce |
precursors for the biodiesel industry |
|
| individual lipid classes of Chlamydomonas |
possess |
distinct and characteristic fatty acid signatures |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
is the initial and committed step of |
de novo fatty acid synthesis |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| total cellular fatty acid (FA) content |
remained unchanged under both nitrogen regimes in |
nit2.2 mutant strain |
Chlamydomonas |
| phospholipids and galactolipids of photosynthetic membranes in plastids |
are synthesized by |
prokaryotic pathway |
|
| rate of FA synthesis |
was measured from |
1 to 4 DAS |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| pairing a malic enzyme line with enhanced acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity |
could obtain |
further increases in oil content |
Glycine max |
| Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
contains |
plastid-localized lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (ptATS2a and ptATS2b) |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| ptATS2b |
is |
putative LPAAT |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| Δ6 acyl group level of DGDG |
was not affected in |
Myc-Δ6D ats1-1 plants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| rice (CDS5, AT3G60620) |
is required for |
PG synthesis |
Oryza sativa |
| fatty acyl CoA |
is incorporated into |
glycerolipid backbone by acyltransferases |
|
| changes in oil body (OB) size and distribution |
did perturb |
flux of lipid accumulation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| sulfate reduction |
is rate-limiting step for |
sulfolipid biosynthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| storage lipids |
are used to provide |
energy for FA synthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
interacts with |
outer chloroplast envelope membrane |
|
| TAG (triglyceride) sn-2 fatty acids |
are primarily |
C16 fatty acids |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii |
| flufenacet |
inhibits |
synthesis of long-chain fatty acids |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| blackcurrant other organs and tissues |
accumulates a little |
gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) |
Ribes nigrum |
| non-substituted acyl-CoA |
results in considerably lower rate of |
acylation |
Brassica napus |
| outer envelope membrane proteins |
include |
lipid biosynthetic enzymes |
|
| altered seed lipids |
is |
metabolic engineering success story |
|
| TAG content of bio1.1 and bio2.1 single mutants at 1 mM biotin |
is still significantly lower than |
similarly supplemented wild-type plants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| TAG content of bio2.1 suc5.5 seeds at 1 mM biotin |
is only |
49% of wild-type levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 36:x-DAG |
is employed for |
triacylglycerol synthesis |
Craterostigma plantagineum |
| Phosphatidylcholine (PC) homeostasis |
concerns |
lipid biosynthesis in the cytosolic compartment and chloroplast |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| embryo |
contains proportionally higher levels of |
20:1(n-9) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PI level in cds1cds2 seedlings |
was markedly reduced in |
phosphate labeling experiments and glycerolipid analysis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| regular TAG |
predominate in aril layer of |
Euonymus bungeanus and Euonymus atropurpureus |
Euonymus bungeanus; Euonymus atropurpureus |
| substitution of I with F at site 447 |
resulted in |
substantial increase in neutral lipid content |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| BnaDGAT1-I447F and BnaDGAT1-L441P |
had |
similar fatty acid composition of TAG |
Nicotiana benthamiana |
| chloroplastic lipid classes (MGDG, DGDG, and PtdGro) |
showed greater change than |
phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) in fatty acid composition in pmt1-2 pmt3-1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ethylene inhibitor application |
maintained |
similar proportion between positive and negative interactomes |
|
| β-MAGs |
are |
unusual forms of MAG produced by Arabidopsis (ATGPAT6, GPAT6, AT2G38110) or by the homologous RAM2 from legumes |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Lotus japonicus; Medicago truncatula |
| PI (phosphatidylinositol) |
is synthesized exclusively from |
CDP-DAG and d-myo-inositol |
|
| decreased ER-to-chloroplast lipid transport |
decreases |
ER contribution to chloroplast lipid assembly |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| TAG content of bio2.1 suc5.5 seeds at 0.1 mM biotin |
is only |
4% of wild-type levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| cds4cds5 mutant |
showed |
drastic reduction in galactolipids and plastidial PG |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| several amino acid residue substitutions for I at site 447 |
were effective in substantially increasing |
neutral lipid content |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
| seed oil content in transformant D1-2.20 |
is same under |
greenhouse and field conditions |
Brassica napus |
| rice (CDS5, AT3G60620) |
is responsible for |
PI synthesis |
Oryza sativa |
| Arabidopsis (ATCDS1, CDS1, AT1G62430) /2 |
is required for |
PI synthesis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Myc-Δ6D ats1-1 plants |
had decreased levels of |
Δ6 acyl groups in PC and PI + PE |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| commercial lines with up to 80% 18:1 |
contain a minimum of |
12% 18:2 + 18:3 |
Brassica napus |
| de novo synthesis of phospholipids and triacylglycerol (TAG) in overexpression seeds after 24 h of imbibition |
was substantially reduced in as compared with |
wild type (WT) or knockout (KO) seeds |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Arabidopsis (ATGPAT1, GPAT1, sn-2-GPAT1, AT1G06520) T-DNA mutants |
had altered |
fatty acid compositions in the storage and membrane lipids of flower buds, pollen grains, and seeds |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| wild-type strain |
contains similar total FA amount to |
nia1nit2 double mutant strain |
Chlamydomonas |
| barley NUDUM (NUD) |
regulates |
lipid biosynthesis for hull-caryopsis adhesion of grain |
Hordeum vulgare |
| diacylglycerol (DAG) |
can be acylated to produce |
triacylglycerol (TAG) |
Jatropha curcas |
| FSEOF ('flux scanning based on enforced objective flux') approach |
was used to identify |
reactions whose overexpression would increase storage lipid accumulation |
Jatropha curcas |
| CsLPAT2 overexpression |
significantly increased |
diacylglycerol (DAG) content |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| two genes involved in lipid and wax pathways ( (ATT1, CYP86A2, AT4G00360) Pollen Ole e 1) |
were identified among |
21 genes with inverse expression |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| route of PC re-synthesis via lysophosphatidylcholine |
does not require |
utilization of CDP-choline by CDP-choline:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase |
Jatropha curcas |
| biotechnology strategies |
have been applied to improve |
unusual fatty acid (UFA) content in oilseed plants |
|
| lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) |
could not directly catalyze |
esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) into phosphatidic acid (PA) |
|
| amounts of accumulated lipids |
decrease in order predicted by |
background genotype's allocation of C to roots |
Nicotiana attenuata |
| ptATS2b mutant |
does not show marked reduction in |
TAG accumulation after 2 days of nitrogen deprivation |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum |
| βC-plastoglobuli (plastoglobuli rich in β-carotene) polar lipids |
are similar to |
thylakoid/stroma membrane galactolipids |
Dunaliella bardawil |
| galactolipid biosynthesis |
is probably more active in |
mature leaf chloroplasts |
Hypoxis prostrata |
| cerulenin |
markedly decreased |
rate of accumulation of MGDG and DGDG during the greening period of barley seedlings |
Hordeum vulgare |