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grain development

21531 relationships annotated with this phrase. Showing first 500 of 21531.
Source entity Relationship Target entity Species
grain length of opm1 opm2 mutant is increased Hordeum vulgare
grain final size depends on complicated interactions between genetically distinct tissues
OsHMA5 knockout lines (NF8524 and NE6050) show 30% lower grain yield Oryza sativa
lam1-D mutant shows increased grain length Oryza sativa
pDEP1::Lam1 transgenic lines show no great change in grain width Oryza sativa
OE lines grain length and grain weight are significantly increased compared to WT Oryza sativa
pericarp tissue amount is positively associated with grain length Triticum aestivum
ovule cell wall polysaccharide composition directly links to grain development Hordeum vulgare
Ttparc6 BC aabb double mutant has thousand-grain weight significantly higher than wild-type controls Triticum turgidum ssp. durum
TaLBD41-RNAi lines had higher grain yield per plant Triticum aestivum
Ttparc6 mutant was not different to wild-type in terms of grain size Triticum turgidum
lam1-D mutant shows no significant change in grain width Oryza sativa
TaLBD41 knockdown increases grain yield Triticum aestivum
friedelin synthase encoded by OsOSC10 might contribute to rice grain development Oryza sativa
opm2 single mutant produces longer grains than WT Hordeum vulgare
OsbHLH91 double-KO lines grain length is similar to OsbHLH91 single-mutant lines Oryza sativa
heads harvested at 40 d post anthesis harvested grain heads
lemma and palea define limits for endosperm growth
OsbHLH91 positively regulates grain weight Oryza sativa
increased cell number in wheat may relate to ovary size impact on grain size Triticum aestivum
opm1 single mutant shows no significant change in grain width Hordeum vulgare
opm1 opm2 double mutant shows greater length:width ratio than WT Hordeum vulgare
morphological defect occurs during early stages of grain development Triticum turgidum
TaLBD41-2B haplotype is associated with increased spike number Triticum aestivum
composition of pre-anthesis ovule tissues is linked to postfertilization cereal grain growth Hordeum vulgare
ovary development before anthesis appears to be a determinant of grain growth
overall pistil size is positively correlated with grain weight
OsbHLH91-OE1 and OE2 lines show longer grain length Oryza sativa
Ttparc6 mutant was not different to wild-type in terms of yield and starch content Triticum turgidum
maternal spikelet hull determines amount of space available for grain expansion
pDEP1::Lam1 transgenic lines show significantly increased yield per plant Oryza sativa
grain number (GN) is determined by duration of spike growth and fruiting efficiency or fertility index
shortening of the grain-filling period contributes to fall in wheat yields Triticum aestivum
grain develops from female pistil
pMADS31::PMEI-eGFP transgenic line shows no significant change in grain width Hordeum vulgare
OVULE PECTIN MODIFIER 1 (OPM1) is maternal regulator of grain development Hordeum vulgare
ABA accumulation difference was most pronounced in early part of grain-filling period Hordeum vulgare
RNAi lines and NC showed no significant differences in grain number per spike Triticum aestivum
increased grain size is associated with longer grain pericarp cell length
change in grain shape is not caused by differences in lemma and palea growth or spikelet shape Hordeum vulgare
high temperatures impact grain quality
TaLBD41-RNAi lines outperformed NC in terms of spike number Triticum aestivum
wg7 mutant has significantly decreased grain thickness Oryza sativa
cslf9 mutants showed no statistically significant differences in grain length Hordeum vulgare
cslf3-1 mutant showed significant reduction in thousand grain weight (TGW) Hordeum vulgare
erect leaves improves grain filling Oryza sativa
natural variations in GS5 can explain variations in rice grain size and yield Oryza sativa
membrane protein GW5 is quantitative trait locus for grain width and weight on chromosome 5 Oryza sativa
slower decrease in rate of photosynthesis in OsNAP RNAi lines results in increased grain yield compared to wild-type plants Oryza sativa
maintenance of WUE allowed drought-stressed stay-green plants to produce larger grains Hordeum vulgare
thousand grain weight in senescing genotype was compromised in drought conditions Hordeum vulgare
reduction of thousand grain weight (TGW) in NIL ALI-1 was attributed to decreased grain length (GL) Triticum aestivum
ali-1 allele removes sink limitations with larger grain size Triticum aestivum
increased awn length would broaden kernel sink Triticum aestivum
OsbHLH91 positively regulates grain development Oryza sativa
TaLBD41-2A-OE lines exhibited opposite phenotypes to RNAi lines in spike number and grain yield Triticum aestivum
putative vacuolar efflux carrier TaeSultr4;1 was down-regulated during development in grain tissue Triticum aestivum
significant differences in thousand grain weight (TGW) were observed from first investigated stage at 5 days post-anthesis (DPA) Triticum aestivum
T2 alleles were used to characterise effect on grain morphology and composition Hordeum vulgare
cslf9 homozygous mutants had significantly smaller overall grain area compared with cslf6-2 mutants Hordeum vulgare
transfer cells are among earliest developing cells within the starchy endosperm Triticum aestivum
grain length (GL) of NIL ALI-1 and NIL ali-1 rapidly increased during 5–15 days post-anthesis (DPA) Triticum aestivum
bHLH99 was predominantly expressed in pericarp Triticum aestivum
(PGL1, AT1G56710) mediates grain elongation Oryza sativa
grain numbers are negligible at maturity during water deficit Zea mays
NSG regulates glume length Oryza sativa
(PGL1, AT1G56710) increases grain weight Oryza sativa
wheat grain development involves coordinated interaction with three main seed components: seed coat, endosperm, and embryo Triticum aestivum
functional categorization of identified proteins was performed according to Ghatak and co-workers (Ghatak et al., 2021) Triticum aestivum
most metabolites in embryo showed highest level at 15 DAA Triticum aestivum
TaIAA21 is useful for yield improvement in wheat Triticum aestivum
OsIAA3 functions in grain length development Oryza sativa
TaIAA21 was present in 4 DAF grains Triticum aestivum
(DEP1, AT5G53850) regulates grain number
ALI-1 acts to remove sink limitations Triticum aestivum
cslf6-2/+ heterozygous mutant grain had TGW affected to lesser extent than cslf6-2 homozygous mutant grain Hordeum vulgare
cslf3 mutants showed no significant differences in grain area Hordeum vulgare
sucrose feeding to stems during water deficit largely prevented abortion Zea mays
bHLH99 was predominantly expressed during early grain development Triticum aestivum
(GCS1, HAP2, AT4G11720) allele show significant differences in grain width between indica and japonica Oryza sativa
grain development time courses for NIL ALI-1 / NIL ali-1 were conducted to evaluate effect of ALI-1 on grain development Triticum aestivum
cslf9-3 homozygous mutant had significantly lower thousand grain weight (TGW) Hordeum vulgare
HvDhn4s: TaNAC69-1 transgenic lines have similar grain weight and yield to Bobwhite Triticum aestivum
wg7 mutant has significantly decreased 1000-grain weight Oryza sativa
KO-WG7 HY mutants show reduced grain width Oryza sativa
grain width change in RNAi plants is consistent with grain width change in promoter mutant Del78 Oryza sativa
seed coat contained 229 differentially expressed proteins comparing 26 vs. 20 DAA Triticum aestivum
NIL ali-1 under drought conditions showed notable increase in grain length Triticum aestivum
major QTLs for spikelets per panicle were reported on chromosomes 1 and 6 Oryza sativa
pTaExpA4 shows variable expression profile between 24 °Cd to 325 °Cd after anthesis Triticum aestivum
primitive wheat species demonstrates greater ears per plant Triticum aestivum
Brachypodium grain at approximately 15 DAA has small square cells around edge of central endosperm clearly visible Brachypodium distachyon
cytological analysis of Brachypodium grain development indicates distinct differences in timing of differentiation in different regions of Brachypodium grain Brachypodium distachyon
sucrose feeding to stems during water deficit caused recovery of grain numbers Zea mays
each of the genes contributes to phenotype of barley grain Hordeum vulgare L.
cslf9-2 mutant showed no significant difference in thousand grain weight (TGW) Hordeum vulgare
TaNAC69-1 transgenic lines driven by HvDhn4s promoter enhanced dehydration tolerance does not apparently affect grain weight and yield under non-stress conditions Triticum aestivum
An-1 results in increased cell number and grain length Oryza sativa
wg7 mutant has lower grain yield Oryza sativa
HvCslF / H genes other than HvCslF6 provide opportunities to modify composition and morphology of barley grain Hordeum vulgare L.
brassinosteroids (BRs) tend to have marked effect on grain husk development Oryza sativa
OsMADS1 RNAi lines have narrower grain width Oryza sativa
(APO1, AT1G64810) regulates grain number
bHLH99 remained stable after 15 days post-anthesis (DPA) Triticum aestivum
plant transgenic technology has improved grain quality
gene-edited cslf6 mutants show decreased TGW Hordeum vulgare
(HAP1, MAGO, MEE63, AT1G02140) (eL40y, EMB2167, ERD16, HAP4, UBQ1, AT3G52590) and (HAP6, RPN2, AT4G21150) have lower thousand-grain weight (TGW) Triticum aestivum
four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ALI-1 promoter region are associated with thousand-grain weight (TGW)
important regulatory mechanisms for wheat grain development require further study Triticum aestivum
endosperm grew gradually from 12 to 26 DAA grain development Triticum aestivum
seed coat contained 123 differentially expressed proteins comparing 20 vs. 15 DAA Triticum aestivum
OsIAA3 downregulation increases grain length Oryza sativa
L1786 mutant line exhibited significant increase in grain length Triticum aestivum
reduced stem length could have limited capacity to store carbohydrates and nitrogen used for grain filling Sorghum bicolor
ALI-1 was first wheat awn-controlling locus observed to reduce grain length (GL) and thousand grain weight (TGW) Triticum aestivum
Hard dough stage (22–30 DAA) is characterized by protein accumulation and starch synthesis Triticum aestivum
grain development in barley shows same phenomenon as grain development in T. urartu Hordeum vulgare; Triticum urartu
(ATERF3, ERF3, AT1G50640) is upregulated in taiaa21 mutant Triticum aestivum
TaIAA21 regulates grain length by restricting maternal cell elongation Triticum aestivum
(GCS1, HAP2, AT4G11720) (ATHAP3, ATNF-YB1, HAP3, HAP3A, NF-YB1, AT2G38880) and (ATCCC1, CCC1, HAP5, AT1G30450) have higher thousand-grain weight (TGW) Triticum aestivum
seed coat had k value of 35 Triticum aestivum
TaIAA21 has role in spike and grain morphology
OsNF-YB9 regulates grain size and grain filling Oryza sativa
grain yield is high Zea mays
wg7 mutant has reduced grain size Oryza sativa
HvCslF6 had peak transcript abundance in mature grain Hordeum vulgare
wheat grain contains cavity fluid Triticum aestivum
filial organs (embryo and endosperm) develop within maternal tissue (seed coat) Triticum aestivum
weight of 1000 grains follows the pattern of grain yield with grain yield across cultivars and light conditions
eight α-expansins transcripts are expressed in all stages of grain development (24–325 °Cd) in season 1 Triticum aestivum
grain-filling period is characterized by changes in metabolite content Zea mays
putative marker traits could be used to improve yield Zea mays
increased transcript abundance for genes encoding aspartate amino transferase (AspAT) can improve yield in a given genetic background Zea mays
modern wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Xiaoyan 22) has greater number of seeds per ear Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
grain size is determinant factor of grain yield Oryza sativa
Soft dough stage (17–21 DAA) is characterized by embryo growth is driven by starch digestion of the endosperm and surrounding tissue Triticum aestivum
seed coat is assimilation reservoir in early stage of grain growth Triticum aestivum
grain development in barley shows elevation in percentage of low-prevalence genes Hordeum vulgare
TaIAA21 mutation significantly increased grain width Triticum aestivum
TtARF25 mutation significantly reduced grain size Triticum turgidum
free amino acids in barley endosperm cavity enter the endosperm through transfer cells or aleurone layer Hordeum vulgare
cavity fluid contained 492 unique differentially expressed proteins Triticum aestivum
embryo had k value of 48 Triticum aestivum
isoleucine, methionine, threonine, valine, and lysine accumulated mostly in all components at 15 and 20 DAA Triticum aestivum
leucine and lactic acid showed highest levels at 20 and 26 DAA Triticum aestivum
proline in embryo was accumulated in late grain filling stages (20 and 26 DAA) Triticum aestivum
(PDI, AT5G38900) family proteins highest abundance is observed at 12 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
TaARF25 is positive regulator of grain size and weight development Triticum aestivum
galactose and maltose showed same trend in endosperm, embryo, and cavity fluid Triticum aestivum
cavity fluid metabolites show highest levels at 26 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
introduction of glucan synthase activity into cytosol is highly deleterious for grain development
threshing DZ is located directly beneath caryopsis
grain development in wheat and barley has been reasonably well studied endosperm development Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare
histone expression as grain filling is completed is preferentially localized to abaxial endosperm Brachypodium distachyon
Pinb is responsible for grain texture allohexaploid wheat
PIN genes have alleles Triticum aestivum
RNAi line produced more although slightly smaller grains per head than control line
HvCslF9 has role in barley grain development Hordeum vulgare
14 DAA marks simultaneous development of liposomes and protein bodies Triticum aestivum
principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear separation between all developmental stages for each wheat grain component Triticum aestivum
OsARF4 loss-of-function leads to larger grains Oryza sativa
TaARF3, TaARF4, TaARF9, TaARF12, TaARF18, TaARF22, and TaARF25 were found to be highly expressed at 4 DAF Triticum aestivum
OsNF-YB1 and OsERF115 form transcriptional complexes transcriptional regulation Oryza sativa
OsPPKL2 functions as positive regulator of grain length Oryza sativa
seed coat is gradually degenerated Triticum aestivum
metabolite levels between 20 and 26 DAA showed clear difference grain development Triticum aestivum
aspartic acid showed highest levels at 26 DAA in endosperm Triticum aestivum
seed coat wraps endosperm Triticum aestivum
14-3-3 proteins in maize grain show downregulation until grain maturity Zea mays
(GCS1, HAP2, AT4G11720) (ATHAP3, ATNF-YB1, HAP3, HAP3A, NF-YB1, AT2G38880) and (ATCCC1, CCC1, HAP5, AT1G30450) of TaIAA21-A may be beneficial for wheat yield improvement Triticum aestivum
OsNF-YC12 and (ATHAP3, ATNF-YB1, HAP3, HAP3A, NF-YB1, AT2G38880) form a complex to regulate Wx and (SUT1, AT5G63020) Oryza sativa
Pina and Pinb gene transcripts show rapid decline at 26 DAP (Kontesa) and 32 DAP (Torka) Triticum aestivum
all tissues in wheat grain show highly distinct metabolite profiles Triticum aestivum
aspartic proteinase nepenthesin I was identified at 15 DAA in endosperm Triticum aestivum
embryo contained 417 differentially expressed proteins comparing 26 vs. 20 DAA Triticum aestivum
threshing DZ is located immediately beneath caryopsis
grain development contributes to final grain quality and yield Triticum aestivum
grain development plays an essential role in life cycle of angiosperms
amino acids produced by proteolysis in the leaves are transported via the phloem into grain Triticum aestivum
fresh weight of cavity fluid peaked at 15 DAA and then decreased significantly grain development Triticum aestivum
primary metabolites in seed coat showed low levels in late grain filling stage (20 and 26 DAA) Triticum aestivum
auxin signaling is essential for grain size and grain weight development Triticum aestivum
TaIAA21-interacting ARFs could work as positive regulators Triticum aestivum
Kronos2217, Kronos824, and Kronos932 mutants showed significant decrease in grain length Triticum turgidum
OsNF-YC10 loss of function influences shape of rice grains Oryza sativa
grain filling occurs from 12 to 29 DAA Triticum aestivum
cavity fluid had k value of 35 Triticum aestivum
late flowering lines expressing missense ppd-H1 alleles formed fewer grain than wild-type genotypes when day length was reduced during late inflorescence development grain number Hordeum vulgare
endosperm contains 372 differentially expressed proteins Triticum aestivum
wheat grain development involves three successive stages: cellularization, grain filling, and maturation/desiccation Triticum aestivum
first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35.46% of variability in endosperm proteome Triticum aestivum
threshing DZ is located above glumes
transgenic rice expressing OsLEA3-1 under 35S promoter had significantly higher spikelet fertility Oryza sativa
ear metabolism plays important role in grain filling
grain weight is affected by growing season Triticum aestivum
highest expression of five expansins analysed was found before 247 °Cd
storage endosperm is quite distinct from storage endosperm of other cereals Brachypodium distachyon
embryo contains 4560 proteins Triticum aestivum
endosperm contained 372 unique differentially expressed proteins Triticum aestivum
grain development in einkorn shows decrease in number of expressed genes Triticum monococcum
TtERF3 mutation resulted in reduced grain weight Triticum turgidum
(ARF18, AT3G61830) with 55-amino-acid deletion affects grain weight Brassica napus
L4 and L14 mutant lines showed significant increase in grain width Triticum aestivum
(GCS1, HAP2, AT4G11720) (ATHAP3, ATNF-YB1, HAP3, HAP3A, NF-YB1, AT2G38880) and (ATCCC1, CCC1, HAP5, AT1G30450) have larger kernels Triticum aestivum
alleles that reduce the activity or function of (ATFT1, ATFUT1, FT1, FUT1, MUR2, AT2G03220) and FT2 produce fewer grains due to poor spikelet and floret fertility Triticum aestivum
green tissue layer and crease region of seed coat remain viable until grain dehydration stage Triticum aestivum
seed coat nutrients are partly transported to endosperm and embryos for their growth Triticum aestivum
asparagine accumulated to maximum levels at 12 DAA in endosperm Triticum aestivum
galactose and maltose showed maximum accumulation at 12 and 26 DAA respectively Triticum aestivum
embryo metabolites show highest levels at 15 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
(PDI, AT5G38900) family proteins show tissue-dependent expression patterns different grain components Triticum aestivum
(PDI, AT5G38900) family proteins in embryo abundance at 12 DAA is more than two times that of other stages Triticum aestivum
TaIAA21 mutation significantly increased grain length Triticum aestivum
L4 and L14 mutant lines showed significant increase in thousand-grain weight (TGW) Triticum aestivum
loss-of-function alleles in GW2 can affect grain length and width Oryza sativa
modern wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Xiaoyan 22) has greater yield per ear Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) is pronounced transfer cell layer within the endosperm in maize Zea mays
integument in rice becomes compressed during later stage of grain filling Oryza sativa
transcript levels show reduction from 247 °Cd after anthesis in grain position 2 Triticum aestivum
elevated ozone has no impact on ears per plant Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
optimizing developmental pattern maximizes spike fertility
Brachypodium grain is comparable in length with wheat grain Brachypodium distachyon; Triticum aestivum
cell division in wheat and barley re-orientates anticlinally to produce internal layers of nuclei Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare
structural collapse of nucellar epidermis in rice blocks flow of assimilates to endosperm Oryza sativa
structural collapse of nucellar epidermis in rice inhibits further grain filling via nucellar epidermis pathway Oryza sativa
dry weight gradually increased during grain development from 12 to 35 DAA Triticum aestivum
identified metabolites demonstrated very similar levels between 12 and 15 DAA Triticum aestivum
decreased glume size results in naked sorghum
enzymatic activity and molecular mechanisms are discussed in relation to grain-filling Oryza sativa L.
water uptake was analysed in parallel with expansins expression during grain growth Triticum aestivum
period after booting when carpels of florets are expanding rapidly is most sensitive period for grain weight determination before anthesis Triticum aestivum
final grain weight (GW) is associated with size of floret cavities in wheat Triticum aestivum
increased transcript abundance for genes encoding alanine amino transferase (AlaAT) can improve yield in a given genetic background Zea mays
transgenic rice expressing OsLEA3-1 under drought-inducible promoter had significantly higher spikelet fertility Oryza sativa
later-flowering inferior spikelets are either sterile or fill slowly and poorly grains unsuitable for human consumption Oryza sativa L.
grain weight is associated with grain volume at physiological maturity or harvest Triticum aestivum
indeterminate number of florets per spikelet allows adjustment of the number of offspring to the environmental conditions
grain sink strength remains critical yield-limiting factor
cell proliferation events in pericarp occur very early pericarp development Hordeum vulgare
water shortage and heat waves in late spring occur during grain filling Triticum durum Desf.
number of fertile tillers is associated with yield reduction
wheat grain contains endosperm Triticum aestivum
endosperm growth is important during 15 to 20 DAA Triticum aestivum
asparagine levels changed consistently except in endosperm Triticum aestivum
high nighttime temperature (HNT) induces grain chalk Oryza sativa
OsPPKL1 was associated with grain length Oryza sativa
Soft dough stage (17–21 DAA) is characterized by endosperm cell division stops Triticum aestivum
seed coat contained 410 unique differentially expressed proteins Triticum aestivum
time interval between 12 and 15 DAA is short Triticum aestivum
methionine, galactose, glucose, and fructose in cavity fluid had highest levels at 12 DAA Triticum aestivum
six haplotypes of TaIAA21-A showed significant differences among grain size and weight Triticum aestivum
OsNF-YC10 influences the expression of Grain Weight 8 (GW8), GW7 and cell-cycle-regulated genes Oryza sativa
lemma and palea tightly adhere to caryopsis
NIL(Spr3) shows increased grain number per plant (GNP)
maternal tissues forming the pericarp of grains may constrain grain expansion and grain volume Triticum aestivum
grain weight at stabilized water content is 38% of final grain weight Triticum aestivum
floret death is part of dynamics of generation and degeneration of grain-bearing structures
manipulation of radiation intensity during the stem elongation phase shows integration from fate of individual florets to the number of florets and grains of the crop
Grain 3 was 10% lighter than grain 2
large changes in survival and death of floret primordia determines number of fertile florets that may produce a grain
grain is composed of three genetically distinct tissues
Brachypodium grain profile is typical of grains of closely related wild Elymus and Bromus genera Brachypodium distachyon; Elymus; Bromus
hexaploid Triticum aestivum cultivars Soissons and Cadenza have more rounded profiles with average width:depth ratio of 1.15 Triticum aestivum
nuclei in wheat and barley form highly regular arrangement around periphery of central vacuole Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare
nucellar lysate and nucellar epidermis are degraded and compressed relatively early in wheat grain development Triticum aestivum
maize has pronounced transfer cell layer within the endosperm Zea mays
temperature is main environmental driver of wheat development Triticum aestivum
grain length reaches final value in advance of grain width and height Triticum aestivum
TaEXPA2 showed expression peaks at early developmental stages (5–12 DAA) in present study
changes in metabolite content, enzyme activities, and transcript abundance for marker genes of amino acid synthesis and interconversion occur in (COB, ATMG00220) and kernels Zea mays L.
(ZAR1, AT3G50950) gene showed associations with kernel weight Zea mays
Bx17 glutenin promoter was chosen to specifically target endosperm Triticum aestivum
cellularization and differentiation lasts until up to 10 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
Medium milk stage (11–16 DAA) is characterized by endosperm meristem cells continue to divide and form storage compartments Triticum aestivum
free amino acids in barley grain need to be unloaded into endosperm cavity (cavity fluid) Hordeum vulgare
developing grain up to 12 DAA mainly undergoes active cell division and differentiation Triticum aestivum
embryo grew gradually from 12 to 26 DAA grain development Triticum aestivum
endosperm has a central role in regulating embryo development Triticum aestivum
lemma and palea stay attached to caryopsis
NIL(Spr3) shows decreased 100-grain weight (100-GW)
cultivars with large panicles or extra-heavy panicle types have poor grain-filling Oryza sativa L.
genotypic differences associated with Rht alleles show integration from fate of individual florets to the number of florets and grains of the crop
genotypic differences associated with Ppd alleles show integration from fate of individual florets to the number of florets and grains of the crop
aleurone cells are relatively small in comparison with wheat aleurone cells Brachypodium distachyon; Triticum aestivum
compression of nucellar epidermis in rice coincides with continued endosperm expansion and filling Oryza sativa
thickened cell walls of the nucellar epidermis in Brachypodium may contribute to alternative carbon storage Brachypodium distachyon
barley grains contains integuments Hordeum vulgare
deteriorated nucellar cells provide space for rapidly expanding endosperm Hordeum vulgare
regulation mechanism that limits grain-filling in inferior spikelets is a question to be answered research focus Oryza sativa L.
supplementary red light (R) given simultaneously with supplementary far-red light (FR) produces significantly higher grain yield per plant
water supply to plants at grain filling is critical for grain yield under terminal drought pearl millet
expression levels of pTaExpA1, pTaExpA4, TaExpA2, and pTaExpA8 is associated with fast growth of wheat grain at early developmental stages
improvements in photosynthetic capacity results in additional wheat yield only if potential grain weight increased
cellular and molecular map of domains within developing Brachypodium endosperm provides first detailed description of grain development in Brachypodium for reference strain Bd21 Brachypodium distachyon
Brachypodium grain development takes approximately 24 days from anthesis through to fully filled ripe grains Brachypodium distachyon
in situ hybridization reveals HvVPE4 mRNA signals exclusively in pericarp at 6, 8, and 10 DAF Hordeum vulgare
supplementary far-red light (FR) reduces grain yield per plant
TaEXPA2 showed peak of expression at 8 DAP in previous study
modern wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Xiaoyan 22) has greater harvest index (HI) Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
primitive wheat species demonstrates greater ear yield Triticum aestivum
maize kernels develop quite differently from wheat and barley grains Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Hordeum vulgare
Brachypodium caryopsis carries hairs at the apex Brachypodium distachyon
Brachypodium grain has shallow concave indentation underlying main vascular trace Brachypodium distachyon
modified aleurone layer is distinctive feature of Triticeae Triticeae
pericarp in rice becomes compressed during later stage of grain filling Oryza sativa
programmed cell death (PCD) spreads to pericarp Hordeum vulgare
pericarp develops by coincidental cell expansion and PCD Hordeum vulgare
OsAMT1;1 has potential for improving grain yield Oryza sativa
segregation of AX and BG was observed in young seeds Triticum aestivum
TaAMY2 is not detected in endosperm Triticum aestivum
smaller form of TaAMY3 in the A3OE line was the dominant form detected during endosperm starch filling Triticum aestivum
ectopic non-endosperm TaAmy3 transcript levels in A10 line are low compared with transcript levels in endosperm Triticum aestivum
A3OE grain shows minimal effect on overall grain weight or starch content Triticum aestivum
grain maturation triggers rapid net water loss Triticum aestivum
thousand kernel weight (TKW) exhibited genotypic variation in six selected genotypes
pTaExpA6-b transcripts decrease progressively from 24 °Cd to 325 °Cd Triticum aestivum
stabilized grain water content (SGWC) is reached at 319 °Cd in grain 2 in season 2 Triticum aestivum
complex process of generation and degeneration of grain-bearing structures results in formation of number of grains per unit land area
elevated ozone has no impact on seeds per ear Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
reduction in 1000-grain weight explained most of reduction in grain yield Triticum aestivum
Brachypodium caryopsis reaches maximum length of 7–8 mm by 6 DAA Brachypodium distachyon
BdGLO2 was not detected in embryo Brachypodium distachyon
Spr3 affects seed setting rate (SSR)
Charger and Option produced smallest grains Triticum aestivum
poor grain-filling includes slow grain-filling rate Oryza sativa L.
water uptake rate is higher than dry matter accumulation rate Triticum aestivum
maximum grain volume is reached late in grain-filling period between 70% and 94% of the whole grain-filling period Triticum aestivum
pTaExpA8 showed expression peaks at early developmental stages (5 DAA) in present study
fate of individual florets integrates to number of florets and grains of the crop
elevated ozone decreases 1000-grain weight Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
additional crop yield requires potential grain size must be increased to accommodate the extra assimilate
modified aleurone of mature wheat grain is composed of dead cells Triticum aestivum
misting plants delayed physiological maturity by approximately 10 days Triticum aestivum
water content remains at relatively constant values from around 300 °Cd until shortly before physiological maturity Triticum aestivum
pTaExpA6 declines at 325 °Cd (20 DAA) Triticum aestivum
five representative sequences are selected to be analysed in season 2 Triticum aestivum
pTaExpA2 decline is evident from 270 °Cd from anthesis in season 1 Triticum aestivum
pTaExpA8 decline is evident from 270 °Cd from anthesis in season 1 Triticum aestivum
increased transcript abundance for genes encoding Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) can improve yield in a given genetic background Zea mays
water stress significantly reduces yield per plant Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
water stress has no effect on harvest index (HI) Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
modern wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Xiaoyan 22) has greater yield per plant Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
outer tissues are made up of nucellus layer, seed coat, and pericarp Brachypodium distachyon
cavity fluid texture becomes sticky at 26 DAA Triticum aestivum
functional distributions of total proteome are depicted via heatmap biclustering using total NSAF score Triticum aestivum
seed coat turns green at 20 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
(LEA, AT2G21490) protein 2 in embryo levels peak at 26 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
tterf3-B mutant showed reduction in thousand-grain weight (TGW) Triticum turgidum
OsNF-YB9-OE2 showed significantly reduced grain thickness Oryza sativa
Spr3 affects unfilled grain number per panicle (UGNP)
contig HA11K18u_s_at is the most highly up-regulated gene in developing '10_11' kernels Hordeum vulgare
pTaExpA6-b decline is evident from 270 °Cd from anthesis in season 1 Triticum aestivum
grain water content increased 7 times during grain growth
effect of plant population density on grain number per ear was not taken into account in current model implementation Triticum aestivum
Brachypodium distachyon grain is caryopse Brachypodium distachyon
endosperm comprises aleurone tissue and storage endosperm Brachypodium distachyon
integuments is surrounded by carpel wall
(1–3) (1–4)-β-glucan in endosperm of cereal grain is laid down during cellularization phase
hetero-mannan deposition in barley endosperm occurs just after (1–3) (1–4)-β-glucan deposition Hordeum vulgare
BdGLO1 transcript is restricted to aleurone layers and embryo of mature Brachypodium grain Brachypodium distachyon
Excalibur produced more tillers (high pre-anthesis biomass) in first place and aborted tillers under stress and concentrated on main stems (higher number of spikelets per spike)
Golgi structures may still be present at later stages of grain development Triticum aestivum
misting plants had no effect on final grain size Triticum aestivum
grain expansion precedes grain filling Triticum aestivum
seed coat is made up of two cellular layers Brachypodium distachyon
irregular nature and variable cell morphology of aleurone layer makes it difficult to determine timing of aleurone differentiation from central endosperm using cytological examination Brachypodium distachyon
α-galactosidase transcript was specifically expressed in modified aleurone in wheat Triticum aestivum
several genes are expressed in the aleurone, either specifically or strongly up-regulated aleurone
HvVPE4 is tissue specific barley pericarp Hordeum vulgare
thousand kernel weight (TKW) was less influenced by environmental conditions Triticum turgidum subsp. durum
adaptive and drought-responsive traits include grain volume weight Triticum turgidum subsp. durum
Pina and Pinb gene transcripts in Torka reach peak at 26 DAP Triticum aestivum
accelerated senescence in isogenic lines containing functional NAM-B1 allele resulted in reduced kernel weights Triticum aestivum
cadmium concentration in brown rice was correlated significantly with harvest index Oryza sativa
stabilized grain length may be critical for grain weight determination
elevated ozone decreases harvest index (HI) Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are protected by maternal cell layers
pericarp and floral organs become toughened during grain ripening
nucellar epidermis layer in Brachypodium is thinnest at central abaxial point, where it is comparable with thickness of nucellar epidermis in wheat Brachypodium distachyon; Triticum aestivum
BdC13 transcript in later stages of development was present in central abaxial region where layer is at narrowest point in grain Brachypodium distachyon
PCD events and cell expansion in pericarp suggests tight regulation of processes in pericarp interconnected with that of endosperm Hordeum vulgare
grain development is asynchronous Oryza sativa
Mercia Rht-B1c has mean grain mass of 28 mg grain mass
Mercia Rht8c has mean grain mass of 36 mg grain mass
spikelets that anthesed earlier produced better quality grains than those which anthesed later Oryza sativa
OsPPKL1 functions as negative regulator of grain length Oryza sativa
cavity fluid contains 492 differentially expressed proteins Triticum aestivum
embryo is important reproductive organ in wheat grain Triticum aestivum
whole wheat grains were sampled from 12 to 35 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
cavity fluid is surrounded by vascular bundle Triticum aestivum
cavity fluid turns less voluminous and stickier at 26 days after anthesis (DAA) Triticum aestivum
TaIAA21 is negative regulator of grain size and weight Triticum aestivum
differences in number of grains per plant are largely due to differences in number of grains per spike
grain length is the trait that best correlates with final grain weight Triticum aestivum
abundance of all transcripts tested is sharply decreased from 360 °Cd after anthesis in season 2 Triticum aestivum
maternal and endosperm tissues follow distinct but co-ordinated developmental programmes
current objectives require combining potential grain size
significant differences in cellular differentiation and gene expression patterns reflect significant developmental differences between Brachypodium and wheat Brachypodium distachyon; Triticum aestivum
BdGLO1 and BdGLO2 provide useful markers for storage protein deposition in endosperm during grain filling Brachypodium distachyon
BdC13 transcript in central abaxial region is in region where cells are thinnest Brachypodium distachyon
cell walls in central endosperm of Brachypodium are very striking, reaching 4 μm Brachypodium distachyon
Brachypodium grain composition is closer to grain composition of oats Brachypodium distachyon; Avena sativa
nucellar epidermis in Brachypodium is well developed along whole caryopsis Brachypodium distachyon
aleurone on the adaxial side in Brachypodium is thinner and more homogeneous compared to abaxial side Brachypodium distachyon
seed coat envelops nucellus epidermis Brachypodium distachyon
rice has vascular system extending length of the grain Oryza sativa
pericarp cell width increases much less pronounced compared with pericarp cell elongation Hordeum vulgare
number of rows of cells in pericarp decreases steadily pericarp development Hordeum vulgare
major QTL for thousand kernel weight (TKW) on chromosome 5AS was previously evidenced for kernel size in bread wheat Triticum aestivum
Pina and Pinb gene transcripts in Kontesa reach peak at 20 DAP Triticum aestivum
number of starch granules and protein bodies in seed coat gradually increases throughout development Triticum aestivum
results of proteomics and metabolomics analysis revealed a global pattern of proteins and metabolites corresponding to grain development Triticum aestivum
primary metabolism in embryo was active in early grain filling stages Triticum aestivum
TtARF25 mutation significantly reduced grain weight Triticum turgidum
tgw6 allele affects timing of transition from syncytial to cellular phase of grain development Oryza sativa
first half of the ripening period of rice is very sensitive to high temperature stress Oryza sativa
(SCPL51, AT2G27920) was upregulated after anthesis in leaves of a high-grain-protein variety Hordeum vulgare
total β-amylase activity in AO line was very low at the beginning due to low deposition during development of the grain Hordeum vulgare
Guanghui102 bears increased grain numbers Oryza sativa
grain weight is associated with grain volume
higher plant population densities cause lower grain numbers per ear Triticum aestivum
water stress has no effect on ears per plant Triticum turgidum ssp. durum; Triticum aestivum
two protective layers include outer integument
maize kernels and rice grains have distinct organization Zea mays; Oryza sativa
region of Brachypodium endosperm corresponding to modified aleurone in wheat forms convex indentation facing nucellar projection region Brachypodium distachyon
differences in timing of histone H4 transcript disappearance between wheat and Brachypodium indicate that aleurone region adjacent to crease develops quite differently in two species Brachypodium distachyon; Triticum aestivum
lemma and palea tightly adhere to caryopsis
threshing DZ is located below lemma and palea
recombinant inbred lines (SBS-I and SBS-II) had parameters determined at grain filling
55 052 transcripts of developing cariopses from hexaploid wheat showed significant different regulation between 6 DAA and 42 DAA
endosperm cell walls showed different composition at different development stages
nitrogen metabolism and carbon metabolism occur during grain-filling period Zea mays
modern wheat species shows slight increases in mean seed weight Triticum aestivum
pericarp cell elongation occurs at lower rates between 6 and 10 DAF Hordeum vulgare
pericarp cell elongation between 3 and 5 DAF is accompanied by gene expression related to cell expansion Hordeum vulgare
saturation phase of yield response is characterized by grain yield becomes limited by other factors
grain number per spike is associated with yield reduction
Golgi structures with stacked cisternae at 16 (DPA, AT5G02470) were still clearly detected in aleurone layer Triticum aestivum
Moroberekan failed to set and produce grains Oryza sativa
RNAi plants had nearly identical weight of individual kernels
recombinant inbred lines (SBS-II) had significant relationship at anthesis and grain filling
transcript for TaExpA6 was principally found in pericarp during early growth in grain development Triticum aestivum
grain density is conservative trait of wheat Triticum aestivum
water content levelling off occurs at 307 °Cd Triticum aestivum
pTaExpA5 shows variable expression profile between 24 °Cd to 325 °Cd after anthesis Triticum aestivum
pTaExpA6-b shows similar expression at 41 °Cd and 141 °Cd after anthesis in grain position 2 Triticum aestivum
grain position 3 shows late decrease in transcripts relative to grain 2 Triticum aestivum
maternal tissues (pericarp) undergoes expansion during initial phase of grain growth
TaExpA8 showed higher expression beyond 20 DAA in microarray study
expression profiles of five unique expansin sequences and three consensus sequences were analysed between 24–325 °Cd after anthesis in season 1
six development stages analysed in season 1 matched almost completely with three first stages in season 2
360 °Cd and 470 °Cd in season 2 had grain length already stabilized at maximum value
spatiotemporal expression of expansins cloned from wheat grains represents solid basis for further genetic studies
environmental effects and genotypic differences cause differences in number of grains per m2 of cereals
rice has two pathways involved in the transport of nutrients to developing caryopsis Oryza sativa
endosperm-specific promoter was chosen for use in investigation of TaAMY3 distribution during grain development Triticum aestivum
chromosome 5AS region (Xbarc303) was associated with thousand kernel weight (TKW) Triticum turgidum subsp. durum
metabolite composition of the grain was developmentally regulated following anthesis
active grain-filling period of superior spikelets shows no significant difference among three irrigation regimes
increased rate of floret sterility and grain abortion in (ARP6, ATARP6, ESD1, SUF3, AT3G33520) RNAi lines is consistent with observations in wheat where high temperature treatment of early developing grain promotes grain abortion and reduction in grain number
large proportion of the transcriptional responses initiated by increased temperature in developing grain are possibly coordinated by H2A.Z-nucleosomes
kernel dry weight determines final grain yield Sorghum bicolor
WSD regime significantly decreases grain-filling rate of inferior spikelets
reduction or lack of both puroindoline proteins correlated with essential increase in grain hardness allohexaploid wheat
Kukri recorded lower grain weight in main stems than RAC875 and Excalibur
WSD regime exhibits opposite effect on grain weight of inferior spikelets
HvVPE4 mRNA is not detected in endosperm Hordeum vulgare
PCD in maize placenta–chalazal region coincides with endosperm cellularization Zea mays
PCD in maize placenta–chalazal region is rapidly and co-ordinately completed prior to beginning storage phase Zea mays
novel variant forms of Pinb are expressed in developing wheat grain Triticum aestivum
move from standard to reduced nutrient treatment would be expected to shift yield–N response to a lower curve
Brachypodium distachyon forms caryopsis with adherent pericarp Brachypodium distachyon
one pathway in rice is analogous to nucellar projection pathway Oryza sativa
removal of cell rows could relieve physical restraint for growing endosperm Hordeum vulgare
relative transcript level of Pin genes in Kontesa at 20 DAP is almost 50 times higher than at 8 DAP Triticum aestivum
sulphate comprises approximately 75% of sulphur found in endosperm cavity during grain development
RAC875 produced the largest grain under both watering regimes and in both experiments grain size
RAC875 produced fewer tillers and maintained higher numbers of grains per tiller
RNAi lines had higher number of grains per head
misting plants maintained moisture content at 37–41% at 100 (DPA, AT5G02470) Triticum aestivum
common transcripts evaluated in these studies showed expression at early developmental stages when grain is actively growing
maternal tissues include nucellus
Brachypodium grain development takes approximately 24 days as opposed to average of 35 days in wheat Brachypodium distachyon; Triticum aestivum
absence of localized α-galactosidase signal in Brachypodium supports suggestion that aleurone is not regionally differentiated Brachypodium distachyon
maize kernels and rice grains have distinct gene expression patterns Zea mays; Oryza sativa
most distal floret of wheat spikelet remains unfertilized Triticum aestivum
Elymus and Bromus genera have grain width:depth ratios of 1.43 and 1.76, respectively Elymus; Bromus
Brachypodium endosperm forms crescent-shaped structure Brachypodium distachyon
Brachypodium grain at approximately 8 DAA has smaller (presumptive) aleurone cells forming around periphery of endosperm Brachypodium distachyon
small square cells around edge of central endosperm appear uniformly distributed abaxially, adaxially, and laterally Brachypodium distachyon
barley grain increases in length grain length Hordeum vulgare
grain hardness trait is controlled by Ha locus Triticum turgidum
kinetin application at early grain-filling stage significantly increases grain-filling rate of inferior spikelets in CI regime
kinetin application in WSD regime shows greater increase in grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets than in CI regime
developing endosperm is where OsSUT1 function is crucial Oryza sativa
presence of the TaAMY3 protein was assessed during grain development Triticum aestivum
caryopses spatially located on apical primary branches achieve larger and heavier grains Oryza sativa
grain N concentration was conserved between treatments
granules initiated before 4 DAA in Aegilops peregrina grew continuously until maturity Aegilops peregrina
Golgi apparatus were observed only very rarely in starchy endosperm cells from 16 (DPA, AT5G02470) Triticum aestivum