| chicory genome |
is comparable to |
maize genome methylation |
|
| OX-dml lines |
induce less |
DMRs |
Populus tremula × Populus alba |
| 14 L. bicolor genes with DMRs |
are both |
DMGs and DMPs and common to fungi colonizing RNAi-ddm1 and OX-dml lines |
Laccaria bicolor; Populus tremula × Populus alba |
| RNAi-ddm1 lines |
display more abundant |
differentially methylated genes and DMPs |
Populus tremula × Populus alba |
| transposable elements and intergenic regions in L. bicolor genome |
are most represented in |
all methylation contexts |
Laccaria bicolor |
| RNAi-ddm1 lines |
display DMCs and DMRs mostly found in |
CHG context |
Populus tremula × Populus alba |
| 120 genes and 1441 transposable elements (TEs) |
are |
differentially methylated in fungal genome |
Laccaria bicolor |
| (MAT3, AT2G36880) mutant |
reduced |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
reduces to a lesser extent |
CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) (CMT2, AT4G19020) (CMT3, AT1G69770) and RdDM |
can methylate |
the same locus at the same time |
|
| hypomethylated poplar lines |
showed differential |
gene and TE methylation |
Populus tremula × Populus alba |
| L. bicolor genome from ectomycorrhizas formed on OX-dml poplar lines |
exhibits |
28521 CpG, 47 CHG, and 93 CHH DMCs |
Laccaria bicolor; Populus tremula × Populus alba |
| (CMT2, AT4G19020) and (CMT3, AT1G69770) proteins |
are not solely responsible for |
increase in DNA methylation associated with high CO2 levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| sulfamethazine treatment |
causes |
reduction of DNA methylation levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| silencing of Tnt1 |
was associated with |
non-CG site methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| alteration of (de)methylation machinery in poplar |
induces |
methylome remodeling of fungal genome |
Laccaria bicolor; Populus tremula × Populus alba |
| (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) (decreased in DNA Methylation 1) |
provides access to DNA for |
DNA methyltransferase |
|
| (AtSAM1, MAT1, METK1, SAM-1, SAM1, AT1G02500) mutant |
reduced |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation marks on cytosine bases |
influence |
gene expression |
|
| RNAi lines for (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) |
knockdown |
(ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) (decreased in DNA Methylation 1) |
Populus tremula × Populus alba |
| plants |
present |
symmetric CG and CHG methylation |
|
| 180-bp CEN |
is independent of |
RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| idn2-3 fdm1-1 idp2-1 fdm3-2 fdm4-2 fdm5-2 sextuple mutations |
result in |
minor changes in DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CG methylation in genes that exclude (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) or repeats |
mainly occurred in |
gene bodies |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| gene body methylation |
is found in |
about a third of expressed genes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| two copies of repeat sequences |
are sufficient for |
DNA methylation recruitment |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| decreased S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) accessibility to methyltransferases |
mostly reduced |
CHH methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) |
was down-regulated in |
Chromatin Charting Lines (CCLs) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| gene adenines |
only 5.94% were methylated |
6mA methylation level |
Ficus carica |
| 11,838 3′-UTRs |
1714 presented |
4mC site |
Ficus carica |
| RNA POLYMERASE V ( (POL, AT2G46920) V) functions |
are independent of |
DRM2-dependent de-novo cytosine methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| cytoplasmic bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase (MTHFD1, AT3G12290) mutation |
leads to |
DNA hypomethylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| TSIs (transcriptionally silent information sites) |
are independent of |
RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 180-bp CEN |
is regulated by |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
displayed less |
CHH methylation in short (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) than (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| non-repeated SINE-related sequence |
is sufficient for |
epigenetic silencing of (FWA, HDG6, AT4G25530) by DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| SAM-dependent methyltransferases |
transfer methyl group to |
DNA |
|
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
mainly reduces |
CHG and CHH methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| imprinted genes |
remain |
methylated throughout the lifecycle of the plant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
decreases |
CHH DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| decreased S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) accessibility to methyltransferases |
mostly reduced |
CHG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| repeat region and close neighboring region of full-length (AGL37, PHE1, AT1G65330) transgene |
is de-novo methylated by |
(DRM1, AT5G15380) (DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) methyltransferases |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Frequency distribution histograms of significant methylation differences |
indicated that |
CHG and CHH methylation dramatically decreased in (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| piRNAs |
contribute to |
de novo DNA methylation in the mouse germline |
Mus musculus |
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
shows large decreases in |
CHG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| non-repeated SINE-related sequence |
is likely to have |
reduced stability of DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CHH hypo-differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
were enriched at |
miniature inverted-repeat (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) (MITEs) |
Oryza sativa |
| CHH hypo-DMRs |
were located in |
genic regions |
Oryza sativa |
| (DML3, AT4G34060) mutation |
leads to |
high DNA methylation |
|
| 21,029 genes |
showed |
both 4mC and 6mA methylation sites |
Ficus carica |
| 5-methylcytosine (5mC) |
occurs in |
CG sites |
|
| CHH methylation |
largely decreased in |
(AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) compared with L119 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATNRPD1B, DMS5, DRD3, NRPD1B, NRPE1, AT2G40030) and (CHR35, DMS1, DRD1, AT2G16390) mutants |
do not cause losses of methylation at |
180-bp centromere repeats |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) mutant |
showed greater reductions in |
CG methylation compared with (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) in gene body regions |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (CMT3, AT1G69770) (CHROMOMETHYLASE3) |
methylates |
CpNpG sites |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Dnmt3 class of DNA methyltransferases |
are responsible for |
de novo methylation |
Mus musculus |
| KRYPTONITE ( (KYP, SDG33, SUVH4, AT5G13960) also known as ), (SGD9, SUVH5, AT2G35160) and (SDG23, SUVH6, AT2G22740) |
function in a locus-specific manner to undergo |
cytosine methyltransferase3 (CMT3, AT1G69770) -mediated non-CG DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway |
catalyzes |
de novo cytosine methylation |
|
| SMRT sequencing analysis |
observed |
1,515,639 4mC sites |
Ficus carica |
| methylated sites |
found |
41% in CHG sequence logo |
Ficus carica |
| 8,052 genes |
represented |
21.27% of all genes |
Ficus carica |
| 11,528 5′-UTRs |
1365 represented |
11.84% of 5′-UTRs |
Ficus carica |
| 4mC modification levels |
were higher compared with |
6mA modifications |
Ficus carica |
| 4mC and 6mA profiles at gene and TE levels |
found |
69.58% and 66.03% of 4mC and 6mA sites over TE bodies |
Ficus carica |
| SDG728 down-regulation |
led to decrease in |
DNA methylation of Tos17 locus |
|
| (ATHDA6, AXE1, HDA6, HDAC6, RPD3B, RTS1, SIL1, AT5G63110) and (ATSWI3B, CHB2, SWI3B, AT2G33610) |
influence |
DNA methylation landscape |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| genes with two exons |
compared with |
genes with higher exon number |
Ficus carica |
| transcription of TS–GUS locus and LINEs |
was drastically induced under conditions when systematic analysis did not reveal pronounced changes in |
symmetric (CG and CHG) and asymmetric (CHH) cytosine methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| MITEs in the promoter of IPA1 |
are not differentially methylated in |
WT and osnrpd1-1 |
Oryza sativa |
| genes with two exons |
seem more prone to |
4mC modification |
Ficus carica |
| DNA methylation levels between generative cell (GC) and its daughter sperm cells (SCs) |
did not show |
significant difference |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| vegetative cell (VC) |
had |
2,205 hypermethylated CHH differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| simultaneous inhibition of H1 histone variant gene expression by RNAi |
induces |
DNA hypo or hypermethylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| hypo-DMRs in (ATHDA6, AXE1, HDA6, HDAC6, RPD3B, RTS1, SIL1, AT5G63110) and (ATSWI3B, CHB2, SWI3B, AT2G33610) |
are significantly overlapped in |
CHG methylation context |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 11,838 3′-UTRs |
1594 presented |
6mA site |
Ficus carica |
| methylated sites |
found |
38% in CG sequence logo |
Ficus carica |
| 6mA methylation sites |
found |
9% for GAGG sequence logo |
Ficus carica |
| 11,528 5′-UTRs |
643 showed |
both 4mC and 6mA sites |
Ficus carica |
| RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) |
mediates initiation and maintenance of |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| salinity treatment |
produces no prominent effect on |
global DNA methylation or its distribution along chromosomes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| non-CG methylation in sperm cells (SCs) |
is lower in |
vegetative cell (VC) |
Oryza sativa |
| tomato |
had higher methylation level in all three contexts (CG, CHG and CHH) than |
Arabidopsis |
Solanum lycopersicum; Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation-mediated expression variation in starch synthesis genes |
was uncovered |
dynamics |
Zea mays |
| MITE #1 nested in the downstream region of (D14, AT3G03990) |
was hypomethylated in |
osnrpd1-1 / 2 |
Oryza sativa |
| Arabidopsis jmjC gene |
is involved in |
genic DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATSWI3B, CHB2, SWI3B, AT2G33610) and (ATHDA6, AXE1, HDA6, HDAC6, RPD3B, RTS1, SIL1, AT5G63110) |
influence |
DNA methylation landscape |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 4mC and 6mA profiles at gene and TE levels |
found |
15.22% and 17.13% of 4mC and 6mA sites in genic regions |
Ficus carica |
| CHG methylation |
showed |
similar methylation pattern to CG but had a higher proportion of hypomethylation |
Phyllostachys edulis |
| 11,838 3′-UTRs |
1368 represented |
11.55% of 3′-UTRs |
Ficus carica |
| 6mA profile |
showed |
most represented modifications could not be associated to specific motif |
Ficus carica |
| methylation in CHH context |
is catalyzed by |
specific family of DNA methyltransferases |
|
| 11,838 3′-UTRs |
1368 presented |
both methylation sites |
Ficus carica |
| DNA methylation |
is carried out by |
DNA methyltransferases |
|
| 4mC and 6mA modifications |
shared |
very similar distribution profile |
Ficus carica |
| 7,531 genes |
represented |
19.9% of all genes |
Ficus carica |
| hypo-DMRs in (ATHDA6, AXE1, HDA6, HDAC6, RPD3B, RTS1, SIL1, AT5G63110) and (ATSWI3B, CHB2, SWI3B, AT2G33610) |
are significantly overlapped in |
CG methylation context |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| N6-methyladenine (N6mA) |
is present in |
fig (Ficus carica L.) genes |
Ficus carica L. |
| hypo-DMRs in (ATHDA6, AXE1, HDA6, HDAC6, RPD3B, RTS1, SIL1, AT5G63110) and (ATSWI3B, CHB2, SWI3B, AT2G33610) |
are significantly overlapped in |
CHH methylation context |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AGO4, OCP11, AT2G27040) mutants |
show |
genome-wide methylation changes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ago4-2 mutant |
shows |
191 CHH hypomethylated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| hypermethylated CHH differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in vegetative cell (VC) |
marked |
293 genes and 2,336 transposable elements (TEs) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| generative cell (GC) |
had |
5,993 hypomethylated CHG differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| leaf |
had higher correlation with |
microspore at CG and CHG context than other pollen cell types |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| differentially methylated region (DMR)-marked genes |
were related to |
CG and CHG methylation rather than CHH methylation |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| de novo CHH methylation in (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) |
is maintained during post-embryogenesis independently of |
siRNAs |
|
| 21/22-siRNAs in vegetative cells |
might counteract |
targeted DNA hypomethylation at transposable elements (TEs) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| N6-methyladenine (N6mA) |
is present in |
transposable elements |
Ficus carica L. |
| 5-methylcytosine (5mC) |
occurs in |
CHG sites |
|
| DNA methylation status |
is maintained by |
DNA demethylases |
|
| CYTOSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE 3 (CMT3, AT1G69770) |
was down-regulated in |
Chromatin Charting Lines (CCLs) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CG context methylation |
is higher in |
sperm cell (SC) lineage |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| SlDML4 (Solyc03g123440.3) high expression in generative cell (GC) |
is consistent with |
decreased CHG methylation level in generative cell (GC) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| few genes |
were simultaneously marked by |
hyper- and hypomethylation differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| tDNA Pro clusters |
present |
elevated 5 mC levels compared to the dispersed tDNA Pro population |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| animals |
largely display |
CG methylation |
|
| methylation levels of CG, CHG, and CHH in (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) |
were lower than |
levels of CG (25.2%), CHG (8.2%), and CHH (2.4%) in L119 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
reduced |
CG methylation in gene body regions by ∼2.5% |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| FIS PcG complex |
targets and methylates |
(AGL38, PHE2, AT1G65300) |
|
| plant genome methylation |
is controlled by |
new/novel DNA methylation |
|
| ago4-3 specific DMRs |
show similar methylation level in |
ago4-2 as in wild type |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| hypomethylated CHH differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in generative cell (GC) compared with VC |
marked |
1,421 LTR/Gypsy and 962 LTR/Copia elements |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| null mutation in (MOS1, AT4G24680) |
results in altered |
DNA methylation in genomic region upstream of (BAL, SNC1, AT4G16890) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Hypermethylation in embryos |
observed in |
chickpea |
Cicer arietinum |
| soybean embryos derived from somatic cells |
show |
hypermethylation |
Glycine max |
| DNA methylation |
may be passively erased during |
replication |
|
| (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
is |
Arabidopsis homolog of the vertebrate Dnmt1 methyltransferase |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 6mA motif analysis |
found |
CAAG motif |
Ficus carica |
| 6mA motif analysis |
found |
ACCT motif |
Ficus carica |
| genes with both modified bases in all GO categories |
appeared |
no correlation between gene function and methylation |
Ficus carica |
| local differential methylation induced by Fe-deficiency |
is not mediated by |
known methyltransferases and canonical RdDM components |
Oryza sativa |
| DMRs exhibiting strongest reduction in DNA methylation (>10%) |
correspond to |
TE genes and TE fragments |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) in heterochromatic regions |
are heavily methylated |
DNA methylation |
|
| DNA methylation |
occurs in |
symmetric CG context |
|
| DNA methyltransferases |
catalyze |
addition of a methyl group on cytosines |
|
| PMC methylome data |
shows |
lower CHH methylation compared to sporophytic tissues |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DML3, AT4G34060) (DEMETER-LIKE 3) |
is |
DNA demethylase |
|
| CG methylation in sperm cells (SCs) |
is higher than |
CG methylation in vegetative cell (VC) |
Oryza sativa |
| Fe-deficiency |
results in |
widespread hypermethylation, especially for the CHH context |
Oryza sativa |
| DNA methylation status |
is maintained by |
DNA methyltransferases |
|
| DNA methylation |
shows major changes in |
CHH methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
less than 20% are located in |
protein-coding genes, non-coding genes or pseudogenes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CHG context methylation |
is higher in |
microspore |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| vegetative cell |
has |
lower levels of CG |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation patterns |
are mitotically inherited during |
vegetative growth |
|
| easiRNAs |
accumulate in |
mutants with reduced DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| EgDRM1 |
is most similar to |
NtDRM1 of tobacco |
Elaeis guineensis; Nicotiana tabacum |
| more highly expressed METI-like gene in carrot |
plays dominant role in |
maintaining DNA methylation |
Daucus carota |
| fast-growing calli |
show average decrease in methylation level of |
19.3% |
Elaeis guineensis |
| CG methylation levels in microspore and sperm cells (SCs) |
are retained in |
microspore and sperm cells (SCs) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Hypermethylation in embryos |
observed in |
Arabidopsis |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation |
occurs in |
CG, CHG, and CHH contexts |
|
| catalytic loop of (DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) |
intercalates into |
DNA |
|
| rice with GC-rich clusters in their genomes |
show |
higher non-CG methylation in these regions |
Oryza sativa |
| SMRT sequencing analysis |
focused on |
4mC and 6mA modifications |
Ficus carica |
| 4mC and 6mA modification levels in (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) |
were |
three-fold those of genes |
Ficus carica |
| ago4-2 allele |
encodes AGO4 protein with lower influence on |
methylation levels than wild type |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| hypomethylated CHG differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in generative cell (GC) compared with VC |
marked |
676 genes and 5,949 transposable elements (TEs) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| cytosine methylation in CHG, CG, and CHH |
was high during |
early and late phases of endosperm development |
Zea mays |
| CG and CHG methylation contexts |
remain unaffected in |
RdDM mutants compared with wild type |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| infection of diploid wheat Aegilops tauschii with the biotrophic pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) |
reduces |
CHH methylation in stress response genes |
Aegilops tauschii |
| increased CHH methylation levels at specific loci such as (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) in sperm cells |
is associated with |
reduced CG methylation levels in the corresponding loci in vegetative cells |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Oryza sativa |
| environmental stress |
causes |
hyper- and hypo-DNA methylation genome-wide |
|
| WUSCHEL (PGA6, WUS, WUS1, AT2G17950) and ARGONAUTE 4 (AGO4, OCP11, AT2G27040) interaction |
promotes |
DNA methylation |
|
| (AtDRM1, DRM1, DYL1, AT1G28330) mutants |
do not show loss of |
asymmetric methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ago4-2 mutant |
produces |
(AGO4, OCP11, AT2G27040) weak allele |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylation gain between non-stress and stress conditions |
shows no differences for |
(ATNRPD1B, DMS5, DRD3, NRPD1B, NRPE1, AT2G40030) ago4-2 and ago4-3 mutants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CG methylation levels |
decreased from microspore to |
vegetative cell (VC) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| hypomethylated CHG differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in generative cell (GC) compared with VC |
marked |
2,619 LTR/Gypsy and 1,792 LTR/Copia elements |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| hypermethylated CHH differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in tomato generative cell (GC) |
overlapped with |
hypomethylated CG differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in VC |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| DNA methylation pattern |
is |
non-random |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| met1-3 mutant |
has |
severely reduced global CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| targeted DNA hypomethylation at transposable elements (TEs) |
is |
conserved mechanism in different plant species |
|
| (AGO4, OCP11, AT2G27040) and (AGO6, AT2G32940) proteins |
show very low redundancy |
function |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| phosphate starvation |
leads to |
methylation changes preferentially in TE located close to genes strongly up-regulated |
Oryza sativa |
| highly methylated CG and CHG in sperm |
is |
common feature of the MiMC and microspore |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CHROMOMETHYLASE 2 (CMT2, AT4G19020) |
catalyze methylation at |
CHH contexts |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| generative cell (GC) |
had |
6,377 hypomethylated CHG differentially methylated regions (DMRs) compared with VC |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| transposable elements (TEs) marked by CHG differentially methylated regions (DMRs) hypomethylated in generative cell (GC) |
tend to mark |
different (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| leaf |
had |
relatively few differentially methylated sites (DMSs) compared with SC lineage |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| mutation in (MSA1, SHM7, AT1G36370) |
resulted in |
a global reduction of DNA methylation levels |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| expressed and repressed transposable elements (TEs) |
gain CHH methylation in a similar manner |
CHH methylation |
Oryza sativa |
| histone H2A variants |
are important to |
DNA methylation dynamics |
|
| 24-nucleotide siRNAs from repetitive sequences and (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) |
trigger |
DNA methylation at CG, CHG, and CHH sites |
|
| HinP1I |
may not cleave all recognition sites in ptDNA due to |
sensitivity to cytosine methylation |
|
| N6-methyladenine (N6mA) sites |
led to identification of |
ANHGA motif |
Ficus carica L. |
| adenine modification in gene bodies |
similar levels for |
ANHGA and GAGG motifs |
Ficus carica |
| 5-methylcytosine (5mC) |
occurs in |
CHH sites |
|
| decrease in CG methylation levels in pericentromeric regions |
is attributed to |
transcriptional repression of (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
|
| bisulphite sequencing |
was carried out to clarify |
de novo DNA methylation status in target and flanking regions |
Nicotiana benthamiana |
| (ATNRPD1B, DMS5, DRD3, NRPD1B, NRPE1, AT2G40030) mutant |
shows |
1481 CHH hypomethylated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
are located within |
transposable elements (TE genes and fragments) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CHH context methylation |
is highest in |
vegetative cell (VC) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| vegetative cell (VC) |
had |
four hypomethylated CG differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| hypermethylated CHH differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in generative cell (GC) |
marked |
796 LTR/Gypsy and 577 LTR/Copia elements |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| (ATHDA6, AXE1, HDA6, HDAC6, RPD3B, RTS1, SIL1, AT5G63110) |
is involved in |
DNA methylation at loci that are not targeted by RdDM |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| genes |
are often methylated |
genic methylation |
|
| DECREASED DNA METHYLATION 1 (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) |
is required for |
CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| ago4-2 specific DMRs |
present lower methylation than |
wild-type DMRs in ago4-3 and (ATNRPD1B, DMS5, DRD3, NRPD1B, NRPE1, AT2G40030) genotypes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation surrounding primary miRNAs |
was examined for |
lowly expressed and silent miRNAs |
Zea mays |
| genetic analyses |
are revealing |
patterns and dynamic changes of DNA methylation in plants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Hypermethylation in embryos |
observed in |
soybean |
Glycine max |
| abiotic and biotic stress |
can alter |
DNA methylation patterns |
|
| CG sites in 5′-flanking region of empty control plants |
showed methylation of approximately |
80% |
Nicotiana benthamiana |
| DNA deformation mechanism of (DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) |
promotes |
(DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) methylation on CHH substrates |
|
| sequences flanking retroelements (class I) |
were methylated |
methylation |
Oryza sativa |
| (AGO4, OCP11, AT2G27040) (AGO6, AT2G32940) mutants |
show |
genome-wide methylation changes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 246 genes |
were jointly marked by |
CG and CHG hypomethylation differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| chromatin-remodeling factor (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) |
allows access by |
methyltransferases |
|
| long, heterochromatic transposable elements (TEs) |
accumulate |
CHH-methylation predominately at the edges of the TE |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| global CHH methylation levels |
increase in |
heterochromatin |
|
| ANHGA motif |
is prevalent in |
fig (Ficus carica L.) genes |
Ficus carica L. |
| 1,228 genes |
showed |
6mA site only |
Ficus carica |
| condensed methylation regions |
were not observed within |
Pro35s promoter in roots of line 1b |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| EgCMT1 transcript levels |
increase in |
variant fast-growing calli |
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. |
| genome-wide hypomethylation |
link with |
elevated expression of EgMET1 and EgCMT1 in fast-growing callus |
Elaeis guineensis |
| (CMT2, AT4G19020) |
retains |
CHH methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylation |
is not static |
static state |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| some transposable element (TE) families |
are associated with |
DNA methylation that spreads beyond their boundaries following transposition |
Zea mays |
| methylation spreading associated with transposable elements (TEs) |
has been shown in |
other species |
|
| cytosine methylation (5mC) |
occurs in |
CG, CHG, and CHH contexts |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation in three DNA contexts (CG, CHG and CHH) |
exhibit |
different dynamic patterns during development |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Oryza sativa; Solanum lycopersicum |
| large, TE-rich genomes |
are more extensively methylated than |
smaller, more compact plant genomes |
|
| H3K9me2 |
recruits |
CHROMOMETHYLASE 2 (CMT2, AT4G19020) and (CMT3, AT1G69770) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| rice sperm cells |
show lower |
non-CG methylation |
Oryza sativa |
| chromomethylases |
control |
non-CG methylation |
|
| rice egg cells |
exhibit enriched |
CHH and CHG methylation on (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) |
Oryza sativa |
| (AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) (REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1) |
is |
DNA demethylase |
|
| RdDM-defective mutants (ago4-3, ago4-2, nrpe1-11) |
show no strong differences in |
global proportion of methylated cytosines compared with wild type |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ACG1, ATMSI4, FVE, MSI4, NFC04, NFC4, AT2G19520) and (ATHDA6, AXE1, HDA6, HDAC6, RPD3B, RTS1, SIL1, AT5G63110) |
may affect DNA methylation via |
different mechanisms |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| hypomethylated status |
is partially restored by |
RdDM-independent pathway |
|
| Arabidopsis thaliana PMC |
has |
higher CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methyltransferase 1 (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) mutant |
exhibits decrease of |
CpG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation level in 35S promoter region in silenced root |
was similar to |
DNA methylation level in silenced leaf tissue |
Nicotiana benthamiana |
| methylated cytosines in CHH context |
account for |
5.8% in male flowers and 3.6% in female flowers |
Populus trichocarpa |
| miRNA genes |
are extensively methylated in |
plants |
|
| histone H1 |
is |
major regulator of Arabidopsis DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| release of TGS in ros1rpa2 |
cannot be correlated with |
loss of cytosine methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation |
occurs at |
CNG residues |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylated cytosines in symmetrical contexts (CG and CHG) |
are maintained by |
methyltransferases (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) and (CMT3, AT1G69770) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) and (CMT3, AT1G69770) |
unable to methylate |
completely demethylated paternal alleles of FWA-GFP |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| complete silencing of FWA-GFP |
observed in more than 25% embryos implies |
RdDM would methylate CG, CHG, and CHH de novo in the embryo |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| mutation of methyltransferases in some crop species |
can be |
lethal |
|
| (chr31, CLSY3, AT1G05490) and (CHR40, CLSY4, AT3G24340) |
tend to mediate RdDM at |
(CMT2, AT4G19020) loci |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| knockout of all four demethylases |
exhibits |
extensive DNA hypermethylation on genes and (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| embryo hypermethylation |
is directed in a |
cell-autonomous manner |
Brassica rapa |
| establishment of CHGm on PEGs |
depends on |
FIS-PRC2 activity |
|
| allosteric activation of ZMET2 |
stimulates |
binding of ZMET2 to mCHG substrates |
|
| CHG sites in target promoter region |
showed methylation of approximately |
80% |
Nicotiana benthamiana |
| Suppressor–mutator (Spm)-encoded protein TnpA |
is associated with |
DNA hypomethylation |
|
| (DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) |
establishes |
CHH methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DRM class |
is |
DNA methyltransferase family |
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. |
| EgMET1 transcript levels |
increase in |
variant fast-growing calli |
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. |
| DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) |
mediate |
cytosine methylation |
|
| oil palm (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
is more closely related to |
methyltransferases from monocotyledonous plants |
Elaeis guineensis |
| DRM and CMT methyltransferases in Arabidopsis |
are |
partially redundant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| EgCMT1 |
shows high similarity to |
DNMTs identified in other plant species |
Elaeis guineensis |
| DNA METHYL TRANSFERASE 1 (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
is |
DNA methylation writer |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| hypomethylated CHH differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in generative cell (GC) compared with VC |
marked |
584 genes and 3,469 transposable elements (TEs) |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| hypomethylated CHH differentially methylated regions (DMRs) |
marked |
584 genes |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| some regions of the genome |
are rarely methylated |
methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Certain loci in PMC |
are |
hypermethylated |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation |
may be actively removed by |
DNA glycosylases |
|
| recognition of substrates underpinned by DNA deformation |
has strong implications in |
establishment and maintenance of sequence-specific DNA methylation in plants |
|
| embryogenic cells or germline cells |
contain |
hypomethylated DNA |
|
| negligible methylation level in 3′-flanking region |
was almost equivalent to |
methylation level obtained with empty control |
Nicotiana benthamiana |
| DNA methylation at the 5-position of cytosine |
yields |
5-methylcytosine |
|
| higher expression levels of methyltransferases and RdDM genes in roots |
indicates that |
methyltransferases and RdDM play important role in difference of methylation level between tissues |
Oryza sativa |
| ago4-2 mutant |
shows small methylation decrease compared with |
ago4-3 mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation |
occurs in |
cytosine bases of all three sequence contexts: CG, CHG and CHH |
|
| DNA methylation |
occurs in |
symmetric CHG context |
|
| endosperm demethylation |
does not show clear correlation with |
CHH hypermethylation in embryos |
Brassica rapa |
| non-CG contexts |
tend to have |
cytosines and adenine |
Populus tomentosa |
| loss of H1 |
causes |
genome-wide hypermethylation |
ascomycete fungi |
| somatic organs like leaves |
show a decrease in |
CG methylation levels in pericentromeric regions |
|
| (CMT2, AT4G19020) |
specifically functions in |
CHH context |
|
| rosette and cauline leaves |
exhibit lower |
non-CG methylation levels |
|
| bacterial N4-cytosine methyltransferase (DN4MT1a) |
uniquely methylates |
majority of Marchantia genome |
Marchantia polymorpha |
| carrot genome |
encodes |
two METI-like proteins |
Daucus carota |
| de novo insertions near maternally expressed genes |
led to |
persistent DNA hypomethylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylated promoters of miRNA genes in andromonoecious poplar |
most frequently methylated at |
~90–96% |
Populus trichocarpa |
| met1-3 mutation |
shows complete elimination of |
CG methylation from AtSN1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| dynamic changes in DNA methylation |
require the actions of |
both DNA methyltransferases and demethylases |
|
| pMET1-MET1:RFP fusion protein |
complemented |
loss of function of (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases |
accounts for |
low levels of DNA methylation in endosperm |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway |
requires |
short interfering RNAs |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DRM1, AT5G15380) and (DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) |
silences |
loci sensitive to DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| absence of H3K4me alone |
is insufficient to trigger |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtMET1 |
is expressed at much higher level than |
other members of this gene family |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Mutation of the (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) chromatin remodeler |
simultaneously disrupts |
maintenance of DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| small interfering RNA (siRNA)-directed pathway |
is responsible for |
de novo DNA methylation in plants |
plants |
| histone h1 triple mutant endosperm |
has |
64% methylated cytosine in maternal (EMB173, FIS1, MEA, SDG5, AT1G02580) promoter |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| re-methylation |
is region-specific but random with respect to |
individual CG targets |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| nodular-compact calli |
serve as control for |
fast-growing calli methylation comparison |
Elaeis guineensis |
| plant genomes |
encode |
three well-characterized classes of DNMTs |
|
| oil palm (BICAT2, CMT1, AT4G13590) |
is more closely related to |
methyltransferases from monocotyledonous plants |
Elaeis guineensis |
| single mutants of DRM and CMT methyltransferases |
have |
no phenotype |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| immature 'mantled' inflorescences |
show |
significant hypomethylation of genomic DNA |
Elaeis guineensis |
| more highly expressed METI-like gene in rice |
plays dominant role in |
maintaining DNA methylation |
Oryza sativa |
| (IDN2, RDM12, AT3G48670) |
demonstrates |
mild defects in DNA methylation control |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylated gene bodies in female flowers |
significantly higher than in |
male flowers |
Populus trichocarpa |
| 35S–GFP DNAs |
were at least partially methylated |
in GFP-silenced or partitioned-silenced regions |
|
| wild-type |
shows heavy methylation at |
CpG sites |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 113 methylated miRNA genes |
were identified in |
andromonoecious poplar |
Populus trichocarpa |
| miRNA genes |
113 (~28.2% of all known miRNA genes of plants) are methylated in |
poplar |
Populus tomentosa |
| (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) mutation |
eliminates |
CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtMETI |
is |
main maintenance methyltransferase targeting symmetric CpG dinucleotides |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylated gene bodies in andromonoecious poplar |
most frequently methylated at |
~31.5–48.5% |
Populus trichocarpa |
| (AtELP2, ELP2, AT1G49540) mutant |
shows reduced methylation frequency in |
(CYC1, CYCB1, CYCB1;1, AT4G37490) promoter cytosines |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| up-regulation of CYCLIN B1 (CYC1, CYCB1, CYCB1;1, AT4G37490) in the (AtELP2, ELP2, AT1G49540) mutant |
may reflect |
reduced level of DNA methylation in the promoter and/or coding region of (CYC1, CYCB1, CYCB1;1, AT4G37490) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| loss of H1 |
reduces |
methylation at specific loci |
mouse |
| conserved motifs that comprise the catalytic domain of DRM |
have undergone |
circular permutation with respect to other DNMTs |
|
| one METI-like gene in carrot |
is more highly expressed than |
the other METI-like gene |
Daucus carota |
| (AtDRM2, DAP2, DRM2, AT2G33830) mutants |
show loss of |
asymmetric methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| loci demethylated by (AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) |
accumulate |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| extensive two-wave methylation reprogramming |
occurs in |
Marchantia polymorpha sperm cells |
Marchantia polymorpha |
| DNA methyltransferases |
are |
primary genetic factors contributing to methylation variation in plants |
|
| DNA methylation in 3′-flanking region |
did not increase |
|
Nicotiana benthamiana |
| (AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) acting differently in different cells |
may contribute to |
a variety of methylation patterns |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| developing embryos |
experience |
active de novo DNA methylation by the RdDM pathway |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| amiTEK |
show reduced |
DNA methylation at CG, CNG, and CHH in (FWA, HDG6, AT4G25530) tandem repeats |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| nearly all CNG targets of (KYP, SDG33, SUVH4, AT5G13960) |
are also |
(CMT3, AT1G69770) targets |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| rdd mutant |
displays |
much stronger DNA hypermethylation than any of the three single demethylase mutants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation |
occurs by |
covalent addition of methyl group to cytosine |
|
| fast-growing oil palm calli |
show |
significant hypomethylation of genomic DNA |
Elaeis guineensis |
| EgMET1 |
shows high similarity to |
DNMTs identified in other plant species |
Elaeis guineensis |
| Overexpression of a novel splice variant of Dnmt3b |
has been associated with |
hypomethylation in tumour cells |
|
| 'mantled' inflorescences |
show DNA methylation |
7.4% lower than in normal inflorescences |
Elaeis guineensis |
| 86 genes and 288 transposable elements (TEs) |
are |
differentially methylated between WT and hypomethylated lines |
Populus tremula × Populus alba |
| DNA methylation |
occurs in |
CHG sequence context |
|
| (AtELP2, ELP2, AT1G49540) |
contributes to |
DNA methylation |
|
| nucleosomes |
are |
substantial obstacles to DNA methylation |
|
| gradual silencing of FWA-GFP |
indicates |
DNA methylation takes place in the embryo |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| targets of (CMT3, AT1G69770) (KYP, SDG33, SUVH4, AT5G13960) and (DRM1, AT5G15380) /2 |
are |
repeats of all types |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| loss of (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
eliminates |
CG methylation and substantial fractions of CHG and CHH methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CG and CHG methylation |
are depleted |
near gene ends |
Zea mays |
| methylation at CpG sites at (GASA8, AT2G39540) locus |
was induced in |
self-pollinated (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) (KYP, SDG33, SUVH4, AT5G13960) plants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| body methylation regions in (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) mutant |
frequently gained |
CNG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtMETI |
has |
de novo methylation activity on silenced transgenes |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| histone H3 lysine 9 di-methylation mark |
directly influences |
CHG and CHH methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| H1 mutations |
could have |
effect on methylation of 5′ direct repeats of (FWA, HDG6, AT4G25530) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
maintains methylation of |
symmetric CpG residues |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| line 30.4 R4 plants and R2 plants |
differed when the restriction patterns of the methylation-sensitive enzyme Pst I were compared |
methylation status |
Solanum lycopersicum |
| methylation of AtSN1 |
was slightly increased in |
(ATCPSF100, CPSF100, EMB1265, ESP5, AT5G23880) mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| idn2-3 fdm1-1 idp2-1 fdm3-2 fdm4-2 fdm5-2 DNA |
shows weakly reduced |
CHG and CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CHH methylation |
showed higher levels in |
male flowers compared to female flowers |
Populus trichocarpa |
| essentially all methylation in invertebrates |
is in |
CG context |
invertebrates |
| depletion of Histone H1 |
increases |
methylation of some (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| knockout mutation of (MEM1, ZC2HC1, AT1G48950) |
leads to |
4519 CG hyper-DMRs |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| PCR following methylation-dependent digestion with McrBC |
confirmed |
methylation level of AtCO promoter |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| loss of H1 |
reduces |
methylation of euchromatic transposable elements |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATRPA2, ATRPA32A, ROR1, RPA2, RPA32A, AT2G24490) |
is not required for |
DNA methylation of the tested loci |
|
| (AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) mutant |
shows increased methylation at |
CpXpG and CpXpX sites |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) |
shows more than tripled |
CpXpX methylation level at (ATGP1, ATYKT61, YKT61, AT5G58060) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| hypermethylation of endogenous and transgene (COR78, LTI140, LTI78, RD29A, AT5G52310) promoters in (AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) |
is not changed by |
(ATRPA2, ATRPA32A, ROR1, RPA2, RPA32A, AT2G24490) mutation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtDRM1-HsDNMT3A orthology pair |
is enriched in |
female gametes of both species |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Homo sapiens |
| much stronger bands |
were observed in |
fully silenced plants (S-1 and S-2) |
|
| (ATGP1, ATYKT61, YKT61, AT5G58060) AtMU1, and AtLINE1-4 |
have higher levels of methylation in |
(AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) mutant than in wild-type |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylation patterns of the miRNA172b gene |
were validated in |
gynomonoecious poplar |
Populus trichocarpa |
| transposable elements (TEs) and gene bodies |
are preferentially methylated |
flowering plants |
flowering plants |
| 35S–GFP DNAs |
were not methylated |
in GFP-expressing leaves |
|
| methylated regions in protein-coding gene body regions |
enriched in |
exons and introns |
Populus trichocarpa |
| CG methylation |
did not differ between |
female and male flowers |
Populus trichocarpa |
| CG methylation |
mainly located in |
gene bodies |
Populus trichocarpa |
| (AtELP2, ELP2, AT1G49540) |
is involved in |
somatic DNA demethylation/methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylation in three sequence contexts (CG, CHG, and CHH, where H ≠ G) |
affects |
transposable elements (TEs) |
flowering plants |
| (AtELP2, ELP2, AT1G49540) mutant |
shows low methylation level throughout promoter and coding regions of |
(ABR, PID, AT2G34650) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) mutant plants |
show large increase in |
CpG methylation at the (ATM17, M17, AT2G41260) promoter region |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CHH methylation |
increased during |
embryo development |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DRM1, AT5G15380) mutant |
no longer observed impact of |
CHH methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Dnmt3 subfamily of DNA methyltransferases |
can methylate |
de novo methylation |
|
| (AT5G38550) Region 1 |
showed |
strong reduction in CHH methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| genes in Arabidopsis |
are methylated at |
CpG sites |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| all three groups |
maintain robust non-CG methylation in |
(DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) and h1met1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| idr loci |
are not essential for |
DNA methylation of analysed targets |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (KYP, SDG33, SUVH4, AT5G13960) /suv4h mutant |
is defective in |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) |
shows increased |
CpXpX methylation levels at all loci except MEA-ISR |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtSN1 and MEA-ISR |
showed relatively little or no increase in |
(AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) mutant plants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| mechanism of de novo methylation |
compatible with |
stable maintenance of epialleles and silenced transgenes across generations |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CHROMOMETHYLASE3 |
maintains |
DNA methylation in the CHG sequence context |
plants |
| DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylase) and demethylases |
target |
TE sequences |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| active de novo DNA methylation in the developing embryo |
provides |
mechanism that accounts for gradual remethylation in successive generations |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DOMAIN REARRANGED METHYLASE (DRM) |
is required for |
de novo DNA methylation in all sequence contexts and maintenance of DNA methylation in CHH context |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| lack of CG methylation in H3K4me2- and H3K4me3-containing regions |
could be due to |
active mutual exclusion mechanism or differential localization of DNA methylation and H3K4me2/H3K4me3 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| three rdd-downregulated genes ( (AtCAPE3, AT4G33720) (CRK40, AT4G04570) (LBD26, AT3G27940) ) |
showed both increased |
CG methylation and reduced CHH methylation in rdd in comparison to Col-0 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CG sites in Region 1 of (AT5G38550) |
were almost fully methylated in |
both rdd and Col-0 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| bm allele methylation |
is slightly lower than |
BM allele methylation of 9.6–25.4% |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| central region of the 2 kb fragment |
is |
common target in all lines |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| re-methylation frequencies in transformants |
are lower in |
transformants than in lines obtained by genetic crossing |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
may be able to enhance |
(DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) activity |
|
| DNA methylation |
occurs at |
asymmetric cytosines (CNN) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) and (CMT3, AT1G69770) |
require |
methylated template |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation of inverted repeat PAI1-PAI4 locus |
does not require |
(KYP, SDG33, SUVH4, AT5G13960) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| targets of methyltransferases |
include |
LTR retrotransposons |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CG methylation |
is also significantly depleted in |
H3K4me2- and H3K4me3-containing regions |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| genomic regions free of H3K4me |
frequently lack |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylation at CG site in (AT3G46370) (LRR kinase) |
was increased upon |
Fo infection in rdd |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| RNAi |
is dispensable for |
DNA methylation by DIM2 |
Neurospora crassa |
| gene body methylation (gbM) |
is concentrated in |
exons of evolutionarily conserved, stably and constitutively expressed genes |
plants; invertebrates |
| met1-3 mutation |
shows only minor effect on |
non-CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| transposable elements in (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) mutants |
lose |
non-CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| many other loci |
are affected primarily in |
non-CpG contexts |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| control cross endosperm (Col-0 female × RLD male) |
has |
12% methylated cytosine in maternal (EMB173, FIS1, MEA, SDG5, AT1G02580) promoter |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| histone h1 triple mutant endosperm (Col-0 female × L er male) |
has |
55% methylated CpG, 22% CpHpG and 11% CpHpH in maternal 5′ repeat region of (FWA, HDG6, AT4G25530) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| mutations in histone H1 |
result in increase in |
DNA methylation in the (EMB173, FIS1, MEA, SDG5, AT1G02580) promoter |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| methylation level of (CAT2, AT4G35090) C3′ sequence |
was |
4.8, 4.3 and 4.8%, respectively in non-silenced and silenced plants |
|
| little or no methylation |
was found in |
promoters or coding sequences of (AtWAK1, PRO25, WAK1, AT1G21250) and (PR-5, PR5, AT1G75040) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 24 nucleotide small RNAs (sRNAs) |
mediate |
DNA methylation |
|
| mutations in maternal H1 |
affect |
methylation status of maternal (EMB173, FIS1, MEA, SDG5, AT1G02580) promoter |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| cell culture |
may influence |
global methylation patterns, including transgenes |
|
| AtMET1 |
is the only family member that has been shown to have |
methyltransferase activity |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| FISH analysis coupled with immunodetection of 5mC |
revealed |
heavy DNA methylation at ACR of P. notatum |
Paspalum notatum |
| CG methylation |
includes |
gene-body methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| R-loops |
correlate with |
low DNA methylated regions |
Homo sapiens; Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation |
is deposited by |
DNA methyltransferases such as (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
|
| tandem repeats in (FWA, HDG6, AT4G25530) promoter |
are necessary and sufficient for |
de-novo DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| other mutant lines |
showed less pronounced or no differences in |
DNA methylation at AtMU1 locus |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Os07g0182900 gene |
encodes |
cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase1 |
Oryza sativa |
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
dramatically decreases |
CHG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CG methylation in (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) |
decreased approximately by 9.2% |
compared to L119 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
showed similar |
CHG methylation in short (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) and CHH methylation in long as (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DOMAIN REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2 (DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) |
catalyzes |
de-novo cytosine methylation at CHG sites |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| SAMS RNAi transgenic rice lines |
show |
reduced DNA methylation |
Oryza sativa |
| X 21 X 21 / Y ccat500 Y ccat500 / Z C Z C plants (silenced) |
show CGN and CHG methylation of Z C at |
66 to 85% and 58 to 80%, respectively |
|
| physical interaction of (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) with FIS-PRC2 core component (EMB173, FIS1, MEA, SDG5, AT1G02580) |
suggests mechanistic link between |
histone methylation pathway and DNA methylation pathway |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| sirton-derived siRNAs |
may methylate |
DNA of the host gene |
Oryza sativa |
| (AtROS1, DML1, ROS1, AT2G36490) mutation |
affects some but not other |
loci |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| active silencing of DNA methylation-sensitive targets |
reflected by |
gradual silencing of FWA-GFP |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| reinforcement of DNA methylation pattern on target loci |
maintains |
genome stability |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| mutations in histone H1 from maternal parent |
cause |
increase in DNA methylation of maternal (EMB173, FIS1, MEA, SDG5, AT1G02580) promoter |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) mutant |
shows CG methylation levels of |
0.3%/0.8% |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| Tr2 transformant |
did not display |
significant re-methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| P. trichocarpa shoot apical meristematic cells |
has DNA methylation coverage of approximately |
10% coverage |
Populus trichocarpa |
| weak (ATSAHH1, EMB1395, HOG1, MEE58, SAH1, SAHH1, AT4G13940) mutation |
causes |
reduced whole-genome DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| TSIs (transcriptionally silent information sites) |
are regulated by |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) |
is a donor for |
DNA methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CHG and CHH methylation |
decreased to a lesser extent at |
35S promoter in (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) compared with L119 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
shows decreased |
CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| r-CCC4 |
shows higher CHH methylation levels in |
transposable elements (TEs) |
|
| 4mC sites |
have about 21% within |
gene regions |
Casuarina equisetifolia |
| ZMET2 methyltransferase domain |
causes |
deformation of DNA around target cytosine |
Zea mays |
| SLM CG methylation in RdDM ( (CHR35, DMS1, DRD1, AT2G16390) (DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) and (AtRDR2, RDR2, SMD1, AT4G11130) ) mutant somatic tissues |
correlates with |
wild-type somatic tissues |
|
| Mutation of (ATDCL3, DCL3, AT3G43920) |
has a lesser effect on |
CNN methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| IGN5 |
shows significantly reduced DNA methylation in |
null mutant for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 (AtRDR2, RDR2, SMD1, AT4G11130) |
|
| solo LTR |
shows significantly reduced DNA methylation in |
null mutant for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 (AtRDR2, RDR2, SMD1, AT4G11130) |
|
| rdm3-3 mutant |
reduces methylation levels at AtSN1 to |
50.0% at CG sites, 14.3% at CHG, and 1.2% at CHH |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| KRYPTONITE ( (KYP, SDG33, SUVH4, AT5G13960) ), (SGD9, SUVH5, AT2G35160) and (SDG23, SUVH6, AT2G22740) |
are |
primary H3K9 methyltransferases |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ORTH1, VIM3, AT5G39550) mutant |
does not affect |
CG methylation |
|
| HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 (ATHDA6, AXE1, HDA6, HDAC6, RPD3B, RTS1, SIL1, AT5G63110) |
physically interacts with |
METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
|
| (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) |
is required for |
DNA methylation of transposable elements |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| plant methylation |
is found in |
transposable elements (TEs) |
|
| (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) and RdDM |
affect |
transposable elements |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| RdDM |
mostly targets |
short transposable elements and transposable element edges |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| loss of H1 |
greatly ameliorates |
reduction of TE CG methylation in (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 46% (n = 451) of DMS3-ZF loci producing siRNAs |
were called as |
differentially hypermethylated regions (hyperDMRs) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| 6mA sites |
have most two significantly enriched motifs of |
AMBGA and ARGYA |
Casuarina equisetifolia |
| ZMET2 |
is |
functional homolog of (CMT3, AT1G69770) |
Zea mays |
| SLMs |
do not overlap with |
columella DMRs |
|
| DNA methylation |
occurs in |
CG sequence context |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| sequence-specific DNA binding proteins |
are used |
DNA methylation patterning |
|
| DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2 (DMT7, DRM2, AT5G14620) |
is |
major de novo DNA methyltransferase |
|
| rdm3-3 mutant |
shows dramatically reduced |
DNA methylation at AtSN1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) mutation |
disrupted |
CHH methylation |
|
| (SDG13, SUVR1, AT1G04050) /2/3/4/5 quintuple mutant |
does not show additional methylation loss compared with |
(SDG18, SUVR2, AT5G43990) alone |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) |
cooperates with |
RdDM pathway |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| euchromatic (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) with low H3K9me2 |
lose DNA methylation in |
h1 plants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| H1 plants |
causes heterochromatic TEs to lose less DNA methylation than |
euchromatic (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| mammalian Dnmt3a and Dnmt3L |
form |
Dnmt3L-Dnmt3a-Dnmt3a-Dnmt3L tetramer |
|
| ZF-SUVH9 |
targeted methylation in |
(NRPD1, NRPD1A, POL IVA, SDE4, SMD2, AT1G63020) mutant |
|
| paternal FWA-GFP allele |
ectopically expressed in |
50% developing endosperm |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| bisulfite sequencing of six rdd-downregulated genes |
showed that |
TE and surrounding sequences are methylated |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| bm allele |
becomes methylated at overall levels between |
7 and 12.8% |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| re-methylation |
can occur in absence of |
homologous methylated allele |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| DNA methylation of MAT4-FLAG line |
was consistently restored to |
L119 level |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CHG DNA methylation in Pro35S-NPTII transgene |
was only moderately reduced in |
(AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (AtSAMS3, MAT4, MTO3, SAMS3, AT3G17390) mutant |
reduces |
genomic-wide DNA methylation, especially CHG and CHH methylation at pericentromeric heterochromatin regions |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (LBD26, AT3G27940) |
showed |
no change in CG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| siRNAs |
might originate from |
maternal ovule tissues |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CNG methylation |
is maintained primarily by |
CMT3-KYP pathway |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| bisulfite sequencing analysis |
detected |
only subtle changes in methylation around the promoter TE sequences upon Fo infection |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| whole-genome bisulphite sequencing |
identified |
methylated cytosines |
Populus trichocarpa |
| methylated cytosines in male flower libraries |
account for |
14.7% of all covered cytosines |
Populus trichocarpa |
| smaller gene size |
might be main reason for |
low methylation levels in gene bodies of miRNA genes |
|
| (AT5G38550) (jacalin lectin) |
showed |
slight reduction in CG and CHG methylation in Col-0 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| AtDRM1-HsDNMT3A orthology pair |
encodes |
de novo DNA methyltransferases |
Arabidopsis thaliana; Homo sapiens |
| genes epigenetically silenced by DNA methylation |
are |
stably transmitted over several generations |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| targets of methyltransferases |
include |
MuDR DNA transposons |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| CG methylation |
is highly enriched in |
H3K4me1-containing regions |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| hypermethylated loci in (IBM1, AT3G07610) and (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) mutants |
show no apparent correlation |
between (IBM1, AT3G07610) and (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) mutants |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) |
confirmed |
methylation level of AtCO promoter |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (KYP, SDG33, SUVH4, AT5G13960) mutants |
show loss of |
non-CpG methylation |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATDDM1, CHA1, CHR01, CHR1, DDM1, SOM1, SOM4, AT5G66750) mutants |
show loss of |
DNA methylation at non-CpG sites in (ATNACK2, NACK2, TES, AT3G43210) |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (ATFOLT1, FOLT1, AT5G66380) DNA methylation |
affects |
CHG sites |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) mutant |
does not change significantly |
DNA methylation levels at non-CG targets |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| overall CNN methylation level in non-silenced Col-0 plants |
was |
4.5-5.5% |
|
| methylation in genomic target sequence of (CAT2, AT4G35090) |
was scattered throughout |
genomic target sequence |
|
| METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (DDM2, DMT01, DMT1, MET1, MET2, METI, AT5G49160) |
is homologous to |
mammalian DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| knockout mutation of (MEM1, ZC2HC1, AT1G48950) |
leads to |
1793 CHG hyper-DMRs |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| (IBM1, AT3G07610) mutation in Arabidopsis |
affected |
DNA methylation level in non-CG cytosine |
Arabidopsis thaliana |
| TE body methylation |
has |
CG and CHG more abundant than CHH (>80% CG and CHG, >40% CHH) |
Physcomitrella patens |
| RLG3 |
shows |
broadest pattern with no discernible body peak |
Physcomitrella patens |